Virus rhino

In rhino viruses there are depressions, or "canyons," which are 25 A deep and 12 to 30 A wide and which encircle the protrusions (Figure 16.15b). One wall of the canyons is lined by residues from the base of VPl. The structure of VPl is such that the barrel is open at the base and permits access to the hydrophobic interior of the barrel, as in the up-and-down barrel structure of the retinol-binding protein described in Chapter 5. 

Staunton DE, Merluzzi VJ, Rothlein R, Barton R, Marlin SD, Springer TA. A cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1 is the major surface receptor for rhino-viruses. Cell 1989 56 849-853. 

CP coat protein CtxB cholera toxin B subunit scFv single chain Fv antibody fragment TMOF trypsin modulating oostatic factor MAB monoclonal antibody GFP green fluorescent protein CPV Canine parvovirus BHV Bovine herpes virus FMDV Foot and mouth disease virus HCV Hepatitis C virus HRV Human rhino Virus MEV Mink enteritis virus MHV Murine hepatitis virus MV Measles virus RSV Respiratory syncytial virus... 

Fig. 9.13 An icosahedral host, (a) X-ray crystal struture of the rhino-virus, a spherical virus linked to the common cold, (b) a schematic representation of the rhinovirus displaying triangulation.

VM Okun, R Moser, B Ronacher, E Kenndler, D Blaas. VLDL receptor fragments of different lengths bind to human rhino virus HRV2 with different stoichiometry—an analysis of virus-receptor complexes by capillary electrophoresis. J Biol Chem 276 1057-1062, 2001. 

The differences between mice and men should be obvious to the casual reader. Enterovirus-induced paralytic illnesses are systemic infections, and the virus must at some point move through the body and be subject to circulating drug. Upper respiratory infections resulting from rhino-or enteroviruses tend to be localized to the pharynx, which would require that drug titers remain high in this region of the body. 

Arnold E, Rossmann MG. Analysis of the structure of the common cold virus, human rhino vims 14, refined at a resolution of 3.0 A. J Mol Biol 1990 211 763—801. 

RT Libby, D Cosman, MK Cooney, JE Merriam, CJ March, TPHopp. Human rhino-virus 3C protease cloning and expression of an active form in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry 27 6262-6268, 1988. 

Human rhino viruses (HRVs) are the single most significant causative agents of the common cold. HRV 3C-protease, a cysteine protease, plays a critical role in the replication cycle of HRVs and thus constitutes a potential therapeutic target for the control of HRVs and common cold. Singh et al established the structure-activity relationships of various naphthoquinones as HRV 3C-proteasa inhibitors and compared the activities of ortho- versus -para- quinones. The results indicated that the mode of action of the two classes of compounds is different [207]. 

There is a set of two (or possibly three) strains of virus associated with the disease influenza. It is only these particular virus strains that the "so-called" flu shot is intended to be effective against. Note that the science journal that described this inoculation [27] was very meticulous in its choice of terminology. It deliberately never used the word flu . To the lay public, the word flu refers to any bad rhino virus, of which there are over 300 known such viruses today, as well as thousands of the larger class of all viruses. Moreover, these numbers are rapidly growing with new discoveries. To the scientists who designed, synthesized and analyzed these chemicals, the inoculation that they developed is intended to ward off only two viruses, not hundreds or thousands. The misinterpretation of these results by writers in the popular press, and even some, who should have known better, in science... 

The structure of human rhinovirus 16 (HRV16) was pursued at higher resolution (2.15 A) than most, and revealed interesting structures around the 5-fold axis (Hadfield et al., 1997). These were composed in part of residues that had been disordered in prior rhinoviral crystal structures, but had been seen in type 3 poliovirus (Filman et al, 1989). N termini of five symmetry-equivalent VPS come together to form a five-stranded parallel /3 barrel, plugging a gap between the five VPl jelly-roll domains. Each of 5 VP4 N termini contributes a / hairpin to a 10-stranded antiparallel /3 barrel closer to the virus center. In both rhino- and polioviruses VP4 is N-terminally myristoylated and these elements of structure are thought to be intimately involved with conformational transitions that occur on cell entry and uncoating. 

Figure 10.17. Structure of rhino virus capsid protein VPl showing the bound conformation of antiviral isoxazole compounds (78) tdisoxaril, WIN-51711 panel a, top], (79)tWIN-54954 panel b, middle], and (80) [pleconaril, WIN-63843 panel c, bottom]. The PDB codes for the X-ray structural model coordinates used to create these views are IPIV (for 78), 2HWE (for 79), and 1C8M (for 80). On the left side of each panel, the inhibitors are shown as van der Waals surfaces, and the protein as a ribbon diagram. On the right side, the structures of the inhibitor alone are shown, from the same view, as ball and stick representations. See color insert.

Moraten vaccine, Berna (virus grown in human fibroblast cultures and therefore certainly ovalbumin-free) was given to a 2-year-old boy with atopic dermatitis (129). The skin tests were positive to cow s milk and egg. Within a few minutes after the receipt of the vaccine, the child developed severe dyspnea, rhino-conjunctivitis, and lip cyanosis he was successfully treated for an acute anaphylactic reaction. The case seems to demonstrate that the very rare allergic reactions after the administration of measles and MMR vaccines could be due to causes other than egg protein. 

Garlic has been shown in in vitro studies to have antiviral activity against several viruses including cytomegalovirus, influenza B, Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, parainfluenza virus type 3, and human rhino virus type 2(40). Antiviral activity is thought to be caused more by the ajoene component than the allicin component of garlic (46). 

The parainfluenza viruses, of which there are four human serotypes, are second only to RSV as a cause of lower respiratory tract illness. There is both a great need for and interest in developing a chemotherapeutic agent for treatment of these two viral, respiratory tract pathogens. The family Picornaviridae contains the genus Rhinovlrus. which is composed of over a hundred distinct serotypes. The rhino-viruses are recognized as the most important causative agents of the... 

Enviroxime (LY 122772) - Enviroxime (7) is a potent inhibitor of rhino-virus replication in cell culture with a uniform level of activity... 

Attending school or work General contact with people Skin infections Streptococcus, Staphylococcus), GI infections Salmonella, E. coli), ARI (rhino-virus) ... 

The exacerbation of asthmatic responses is most frequently caused by a pulmonary viral infection, such as influenza, rhino, or adenovirus infections (81-89). Recent data has indicated that rhinoviral infections are the most common cause of severe asthma exacerbations. In addition to exacerbating asthmatic responses, severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections early in childhood appears... 

Grunberg K, PJ Sterk. 1999. Rhino virus infections induction and modulation of airways inflammation in asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 29 (suppl 2) 65. 

Exists as an equilib. mixt. of la- and l)9-isomers. Major isomer shown. Prod, by a Penicillium sp. Human rhino virus 3C-pro tease inhibitor. Orange oily solid. [157643-56-6, 157750-40-8]... 

Aside from the inactivation of cell-free virus in vitro, ascorbate has been shown to inhibit the growth and expression of virus in laboratory cultures of infected cells. The first report of ascorbate-mediated inhibition of viral growth was made in cell cultures infected with rhino virus. Ascorbate, in concentrations nontoxic to host cells, interfered with progressive multicycle replication of rhino virus in cultures of WI-38 human fibroblasts (Schwerdt and Schwerdt, 1975). The authors did not determine the mechanism of the inhibitory effect, although they ruled out the involvement of interferon. 

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