Genetic variations

Kwok PY, Chen X (1998) Detection of single nucleotide variations. Genet Eng (N Y) 20 125-134... 

Inherited Variation. Genetically controlled variation in milk composition is evident from both interbreed and intrabreed studies. Some comparative studies of breed differences involve sampling from individual cows others use herd milk comparisons. Surveys with both kinds of sampling, summarized in Table 1.12, give a reasonably consistent picture of differences among breeds in the gross composition of milk. 

Thorpe JP. Enzyme variation, genetic distance and evolutionary divergence in relation to levels of taxonomic separations. In Oxford GS, Rollinson D, eds. Protein Polymorphism Adaptive and Taxonomic Significance. New York Academic Press, 1983, pp 131-152. 

Sources of Phenotypic Variation Genetic versus Chemical Diversity... 

Nonheritable and Combinations of Perturbations 316 Multiparametric Considerations Dose and Time 318 Sources of Phenotypic Variation Genetic versus Chemical Diversity 318... 

Variation (Genetics) QV 38 P53193 2005] RM301.3.G45P427 2005 615. 7-dc22... 

Hammer, Michael, A B Spurdle, T Karafet, M R Bonner, E T Wood, A NoveUetto, P Malaspina, R J Michell, S Horai, T Jenkins, S L Zegura The geographic distribution of human Y chromosome variation. Genetics 1997, Mar 145(3) 787-805... 

Silverman, M. and Simon, M. (1980). Phase variation genetic analysis of switching mutants. Cell 19, 845-854. 

The selected traits in aquaculture are divided into two categories, depending on the parentage relationship of fish on which the measurements are performed. The highest accuracy of selection can be made for traits measured on the candidates, but, as can be seen in Table 2.5, other important traits cannot be measured on the selection candidates, so the information for those traits is recorded on sibs of the candidates. The heritability, reported in Table 2.5, is the parameter which calculates for each trait the ratio of the genetic variation over the total phenotypic variation (genetic and environmental) in a population. For example, for a trait like growth. 

Intraspecific variation - Genetic or phenotypic variation between members of a species... 

Several aspects affect the extent and character of taste and smell. People differ considerably in sensitivity and appreciation of smell and taste, and there is lack of a common language to describe smell and taste experiences. A hereditary or genetic factor may cause a variation between individual reactions, eg, phenylthiourea causes a bitter taste sensation which may not be perceptible to certain people whose general abiUty to distinguish other tastes is not noticeably impaired (17). The variation of pH in saUva, which acts as a buffer and the charge carrier for the depolarization of the taste cell, may influence the perception of acidity differently in people (15,18). Enzymes in saUva can cause rapid chemical changes in basic food ingredients, such as proteins and carbohydrates, with variable effects on the individual. 

Whatever the physiology of odor perception may be, the sense of smell is keener than that of taste (22). If flavors are classed into odors and tastes as is common practice in science, it can be calculated that there are probably more than 10 possible sensations of odor and only a few, perhaps five, sensations of taste (13,21,35—37). Just as a hereditary or genetic factor may cause taste variations between individuals toward phenylthiourea, a similar factor may be in operation with odor. The odor of the steroid androsterone, found in many foods and human sweat, may eflcit different responses from different individuals. Some are very sensitive to it and find it unpleasant. To others, who are less sensitive to it, it has a musk or sandalwood-like smell. Approximately 50% of the adults tested cannot detect any odor even at extremely high concentrations. It is befleved that this abiUty is genetically determined (38). 

Filter Press The filter press, one of the most frequently used filters in the early years or the chemical industry, is still widely employed. Often referred to genetically (in error) as the plate-and-frame filter, it has probably over 100 design variations. Two basic popular designs are the flush-plate, or plate-and-frame, design and the recessed-plate press. Both are available in a wide range of materials metals, coated metals, plastics, or wood. 

Compared to bacterial cells, which are identical within a given cell type (except for O antigen variations), animal cells display a wondrous diversity of structure, constitution, and function. Although each animal cell contains, in its genetic material, the instructions to replicate the entire organism, each differentiated... 

Although genetic algorithms come in many different flavors, and are usually fine-tuned in some way to reflect the nuances of a particular problem, they are all more or less variations of the following basic steps ... 

Ecogenetics is the study of genetically determined interindividual variation within one species with respect to the response to environmental chemicals or physical environmental factors. 

These findings were unexpected because previous studies had demonstrated that the y2 subunit is required for potentiation of GABAa receptor function by low concentrations of ethanol [2]. The y2 subunit gene is located within a definitely mapped quantitative trait locus (QTL) for acute alcohol withdrawal on mouse chromosome 11 [1]. Allelic variation was genetically... 

Essential to the definition of Pharmacogenetics is the term genetic polymorphism. It is extrapolated that there are at least three million genetic polymorphisms in the human genome. Historically, a genetic polymorphism was defined as a genetic variation with a population frequency of 1% and above, but the larger inter-ethnic variation of population frequencies makes a strict definition based on such frequencies impractical. The most common molecular type of polymorphism is the... 

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