Human immunodeficiency virus detection

Nelson, J. A., Wiley, C. A., Reynolds-Kohler, C., Reese, C. E., Margaretten, W., and Levy, J. A. (1988) Human immunodeficiency virus detected in bowel epithelium from patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. Lancet i, 259-262. 

Gallaher WR (1987) Detection of a fusion peptide sequence in the transmembrane protein of human immunodeficiency virus. Cell 50 327-328... 

Hertogs K, de Bethune MP, Miller V, Ivens T, Schel P, Van Cauwenberge A, Van Den Eynde C, Van Gerwen V, Azijn H, Van Houtte M, Peelers F, Staszewski S, Conant M, Bloor S, Kemp S, Larder B, Pauwels R (1998) A rapid method for simultaneous detection of phenotypic resistance to inhibitors of protease and reverse transcriptase in recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from patients treated with antiretroviral drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 269-276... 

Adams M, Sharmeen L, Kimpton J, Romeo JM, Garcia JV, Peterlin BM, Groudine M, Emerman M (1994) Cellular latency in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals with high CD4 levels can be detected by the presence of promoter-proximal transcripts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91(9) 3862-3866... 

Shimizu N, Kobayashi M, Liu HY et al (1995) Detection of tryptase TL2 and CD26 antigen in brain-derived cells non-permissive to T-cell line-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1. FEBS Lett 358 48-52... 

Western blot A method to detect protein in a given sample of tissue homogenate or extract. It uses gel electrophoresis to separate denatured proteins by mass. Some diagnostic applications for the Western blot include Lyme disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (it is considered the gold standard for HIV diagnostic testing). 

Bao YD, Silva TJ, Guerrant RL, Lima AM, Fox JW Direct analysis of mannitol, lactulose and glucose in urine samples by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulse amperometric detection - clinical evaluation of intestinal permeability in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Chromatogr 1996 685 105-112. 

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 gpl20 (V3 loop) protein Tomato bushy stunt virus in tobacco leaf HIV epitope detected by V3-specific monoclonal antibodies and human sera from HIV positive patients. Immunogenic in mice when delivered parenterally 17... 

Human health effects, of polychlorinated biphenyls, 13 140-142 Human IgG (hlgG), detection of, 14 155, 156. See also Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). See also HIV entries Nevirapine entries inactivation of, 12 139 lactoferricins and, 18 258... 

Assay for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proviral DNA in peripheral blood monuclear cells can be performed by PCR followed by detection of PCR products by electrochemiluminescence-labeled oligonucleotide probe [Tris-bipyridine ruthenium (II) complex]. Since one of the PCR primers is biotin-labeled at the 5 end, facile capture of the PCR product-probe complex can be accomplished on streptavidin-conjugated magnetic particles, prior to analysis in an electrochemiluminescence analyzer (S3). 

Schutzbank, T. E., and Smith, J., Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type I proviral DNA by PCR using an electrochemiluminescence tagged probe. J. Clin. Microbiol. 33, 2036-2041 (1995). 

Human immunodeficiency virus proteins were detected by immunohisto-chemistry in the duodenal and rectal mucosa (Jl). HIV infected cells were... 

In a biopsy of an AIDS patient s enlarged thymus (P4), the adipose involuted thymus, with persistence of many Hassall s corpuscles, was judged to be a large lymphoid follicular hyperplasia. This follicular hyperplasia was similar to that described for lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid tissues at earlier stages of human immunodeficiency virus infection, before the development of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Human immunodeficiency virus RNA and p 24 were detected in the hyperplastic germinal centers (lymphocytes and follicular dendritic infected cells) and also in many cells that may have been either lymphocytes or epithelial cells in the interfollicular areas. 

The detection of HIV-related proteins is one of the most challenging tasks. This is especially true because AIDS should be diagnosed as early as possible to enable an early and effective therapy of this infection. Pavski and Le (57) used the aptamer strategy to detect reverse transcriptase (RT) of the type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). A direct and specific ACE method was proposed using laser-induced fluorescence (ACE/LIF) as detection principle. Single-stranded DNA aptamers as probes fluorescently labeled were synthesized. The resulting aptamer is specific for HIV-1 RT, and it exhibited no cross-reactivity with RTs of the enhanced avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV), the Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV), or denatured HIV-1 RT. An affinity complex of RT 26-HIV-l RT was stable, with calibration curves linear up to 50 nM (6 /xg/mL) HIV-1 RT concentration. Both... 

Blood is also regularly tested, not just for blood group compatibility, but also for infections carried in the blood such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B and C viruses. Early in the AIDS epidemic, before the AIDS virus was identified and a test developed to detect whether a person has been exposed to the virus, patients did contract HIV through blood transfusions. Today, every unit of donated blood is tested for the presence of HIV, as well as for hepatitis B and C viruses. 

Antiviral activity. Ethanol (80%) extract of the dried leaf, in cell culture at a concentration of 0.2 mL/well, was equivocal on poliovims inactive on herpes virus, measles, and Semliki Forest virus and produced weak activity on coxsackie virus Pretreatment of mice with sesame extract failed to reduce the cytophatic effect of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HlV-1) infection in MT-4 cells. No apparent acute toxicity was detected in mice with oral administration of 10 g/kg of the extract "". ... 

PCR amplification has led to more sophisticated and accurate diagnostic techniques regarding diseases. This allows earlier detection of the disease compared to conventional methods, making earlier treatment possible. For example HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) may be detected by searching for the DNA sequence unique to this virus. Amplifying samples and searching for DNA associated with the bacteria responsible for the condition has identified infectious bacterial diseases. Lyme disease, certain stomach ulcers, and middle ear infections have been detected in this manner. 

Nakamura S, Katamine S, Yamamoto T, Foung SK, Kurata T, Hirabayashi Y, Shimada K, Hino S, Miyamoto T. Amplification and detection of a single molecule of human immunodeficiency virus RNA. Virus Genes 1993 7(4) 325-338. 

Tersmette, M., de Goede, R. E., Al, B. J., Winkel, I. N., Gruters, R. A., Cuypers, H. T., et al. (1988) Differential syncytium-inducing capacity of human immunodeficiency virus isolates frequent detection of syncytium-inducing isolates in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. J. Virol. 62, 2026-2032. 

Kimpton, J. and Emerman, M. (1992) Detection of replication-competent and pseudotyped human immunodeficiency virus with a sensitive cell line on the basis of activation of an integrated beta-galactosidase gene../. Virol. 66, 2232-2239. 

Malamud D. Oral diagnostic testing for detecting human immunodeficiency virus-1 antibodies a technology whose time has come. Am I Med 1997 102(4A) 9-14. 

Soroka, S. D., Granade, T. C., Phillips, S., and Parekh, B. (2003). The use of simple, rapid tests to detect antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in pooled serum specimens. Journal of Clinical Virology, 27, 90-96. 

To give some examples, Co(bpy)33+ [19] or Co(phen)33+ [18,20-22] are associated with the surface hybrid by immersing the SPE in a solution containing the indicator and applying the potential of + 0.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl for 2 min. The surface-accumulated indicator is measured using CPSA at a constant current. The genosensor was used to detect DNA sequences related to the human immunodeficiency virus type l(HIV-l) [18], sequences related to Escherichia Coli [19], M. Tuberculosis [20], and Cryptosporidiumparvum [21],... 

Kwok, S., Mack, D.H., Sninsky, J.J., Erlich, G.D., Poiesz, B.J., Dock, N.L., Alter, H.J., Mildvan, D., and Grieco, M.H. (1989). Diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus in seropositive individnal enzymatic amphfication of HIV viral sequences in peripheral blood mononnclear cells. In HIV Detection by Genetic Engineering Methods. P.A.Lnciw and K.S.Steimer, eds. (New York Marcel Dekker), pp. 243 256. 

Schochetman, G. and Sninsky, J.J. (1992). Direct detection of human immunodeficiency virus infection using polymerase chain reaction. In AIDS Testing Methodology and Management Issues. G.Schochetman and J.R.George, eds. (New York Springer-Verlag), pp. 90 110. 

PCR can provide valuable diagnostic information in medicine. Bacteria and viruses can be readily detected with the use of specific primers. For example, PCR can reveal the presence of human immunodeficiency virus in people who have not mounted an immune response to this pathogen and would therefore be missed with an antibody assay. Finding Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli in tissue specimens is slow and laborious. With PCR, as few as 10 tubercle bacilli per million human cells can be readily detected. PCR is a promising method for the early detection of certain cancers. This technique can identify mutations of certain growth-control genes, such as the ras genes (Section 15.4 2). The... 

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