Response to bacteria

The science of immunology not only encompasses the body s immune responses to bacteria and viruses but is extensively involved in tumour recognition and subsequent rejection the rejection of transplanted organs and tissues the elimination of parasites ftom the body allergies and autoimmunity (the condition when the body mounts a reachon agairrst its own tissues). 

Malaviya, R. and Abraham, S. N. 2001. Mast cell modulation of immune responses to bacteria. Immunol Rev 164 589-595. 

Newman, M.-A., von Roepenack-Lahaye, E., Parr, A., Daniels, M.J., Dow, J.M. Prior exposure to lipopolysaccharide potentiates expression of plant defenses in response to bacteria. Plant J 29 (2002) 485—497. 

TNFa is released in response to bacteria (endotoxins and LPS), viruses, protozoa, cytokines (GM-CSF, IL-1, IL-2, IFNy, and TNFa itself), immune complexes, complement component C5a, neuropeptide substance P, and reactive oxygen intermediates. Unhlce TNFa, sources of preformed TNFp have not been identified. ... 

Many of the manifestations of intraabdominal infections, particularly peritonitis, result from cytokine activity. Inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor a (TNF-a), interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-8, and interferon-y (INF-y), are produced by macrophages and neutrophils in response to bacteria and bacterial products or in response to tissue injury resulting from the surgical incision. These cytokines produce wide-ranging effects on the endothelium of organs, particularly the liver, lungs, kidneys, and heart. With uncontrolled activation of these mediators, sepsis may result (see Chap. 117). 

Chemokines induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. They are released from various cells in response to bacteria and viruses infection and in response to agents that cause physical damage such as silica or urate crystals. The main functions of chemokines are chemoattractants for leukocytes. They help to recruit monocytes, neutrophils, and other effector cells from the blood to the sites of infection or damage. They serve to guide cells involved in innate immunity and in the adaptive immune system. Some chemokines have other roles in the development of lymphocytes, migration, and the growth of new blood vessels. 

Salucci V, Rimoldi M, Penati C, et al. Monocyte-derived dendritic cells from Crohn patients show differential NOD2/CARD15-dependent immune responses to bacteria. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008 14 812-818. 

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