Human immunodeficiency virus isolation

Tersmette, M., de Goede, R. E., Al, B. J., Winkel, I. N., Gruters, R. A., Cuypers, H. T., et al. (1988) Differential syncytium-inducing capacity of human immunodeficiency virus isolates frequent detection of syncytium-inducing isolates in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. J. Virol. 62, 2026-2032. 

Larder, B. A., Chesebro, B., and Richman, D. D. (1990) Susceptibilities of zidovudine-susceptible and -resistant human immunodeficiency virus isolates to antiviral agents determined by using a quantitative plaque reduction assay. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34,436 141. 

Palmer S, Harmenberg J, Cox S. Synergistic inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus isolates (including 3 -azido-3 -deoxythymidine-resistant isolates) by foscarnet in combination with 2 ,3 -dideoxyinosine or 2 ,3 -dideoxycytidine. Antimicrob Agents Chemo er... 

Fenyo, E., L. Morfeldt-Mason, Chiodi, F., Lind, B., A. VonGegerfelt, Albert, J., and Asjo, B. (1988) Distinct replicative and cytopathic characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus isolates. J. Virol. 62,4414-4419. 

Smyth, R. J., Yi, Y., Singh, A., and Collman, R. G. (1998). Determinants of entry cofactor utilization and tropism in a dualtropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate. J. Virol. 72 4478-4484. 

Partaledis JA, Yamaguchi K, Tisdale M, Blair EE, Falcione C, Maschera B, Myers RE, Pazhanisamy S, Futer O, CuHinan AB et al (1995) In vitro selection and characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates with reduced sensitivity to hydrox-yethylamino sulfonamide inhibitors of HIV-1 aspartyl protease. J Virol 69 5228-5235 Patick AK (2006) Rhinovirus chemotherapy. Antiviral Res 71 391-396... 

Deng H, Liu R, Ellmeier W, Choe S, Unutmaz D, Burkhart M, Di Marzio P, Marmon S, Sutton RE, Hill CM, Davis CB, Peiper SC, Schall TJ, Littman DR, Landau NR (1996) Identification of a major co-receptor for primary isolates of HIV-1. Nature 381 661-666 Derdeyn CA, Decker JM, Sfakianos JN, Wu X, O Brien WA, Ratner L, Kappes JC, Shaw GM, Hunter E (2000) Sensitivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to the fusion inhibitor T-20 is modulated by coreceptor specificity defined by the V3 loop of gpl20. J Virol 74 8358-8367... 

De Meyer S, Azijn H, Surleraux D, Jochmans D, Tahri A, Pauwels R, Wigerinck P, de Bethune MP (2005) TMC114, a novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease inhibitor active against protease inhibitor-resistant viruses, including abroad range of chnical isolates, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 49 2314-2321... 

Hertogs K, de Bethune MP, Miller V, Ivens T, Schel P, Van Cauwenberge A, Van Den Eynde C, Van Gerwen V, Azijn H, Van Houtte M, Peelers F, Staszewski S, Conant M, Bloor S, Kemp S, Larder B, Pauwels R (1998) A rapid method for simultaneous detection of phenotypic resistance to inhibitors of protease and reverse transcriptase in recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from patients treated with antiretroviral drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 269-276... 

Najera I, Richman DD, Olivares I, Rojas JM, Peinado MA, Perucho M, Najera R, Lopez GaHndez C (1994) Natural occurrence of drug resistance mutations in the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 10 1479-1488 Nijhuis M, Boucher CAB, Schipper R Leitner T, Schuurman R, Albert J (1998) Stochastic processes strongly influence HIV-1 evolution during suboptimal protease inhibitor therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95 14441-14446... 

Brengel-Pesce K, Innocenti-Francillard P, Morand P, Chanzy B, Seigneurin JM (1997) Transient infection of astrocytes with HIV-1 primary isolates derived from patients with and without AIDS dementia complex. J Neurovirol 3 449-454 Budka H, Costanzi G, Cristina S, Lechi A, Parravicini C, Trabattoni R, Vago L (1987) Brain pathology induced by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A histological, immunocytochemical, and electron microscopical study of 100 autopsy cases. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 75 185-198... 

Hoffman PM, Festoff BW et al (1985) Isolation of LAV/HTLV-III from a patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. N Engl J Med 313(5) 324-325 Hoke A, Cornblath DR (2004) Peripheral neuropathies in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol 57 195-210... 

Gorry PR, Bristol G, Zack JA et al (2001) Macrophage tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from brain and lymphoid tissues predicts neurotropism independent of coreceptor specificity. J Virol 75 10073-10089... 

Perea S, JL Lopez-Ribot, WR Kirkpatrick, RK McAtee, RA Santillan, M Martinez, D Calabrese, D Sanglard, TP Patterson (2001) Prevalence of molecular mechanisms of resistance to azole antifungal agents in Candida albicans strains displaying high-level fluconazole resistance isolated from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Antibicrob Agents Chemother 45 2676-2684. 

Yi Y, Rana S, Turner JD, Gaddis N, Collman RG. CXCR-4 is expressed by primary macrophages and supports CCR5- independent infection by dual-tropic but not T-tropic isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 1998 72(l) 772-777. 

Karlsson I, Grivel JC, Chen SS, et al. Differential pathogenesis of primary CCR5-using human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates in ex vivo human lymphoid tissue. J Virol 2005 79(17) 11151-11160. 

Marozsan AJ, Kuhmann SE, Morgan T, et al. Generation and properties of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate resistant to the small molecule CCR5 inhibitor, SCH-417690 (SCH-D). Virology 2005 338(1) 182-199. 

Saunders CJ, McCaffrey RA, Zharkikh I, et al. The VI, V2, and V3 regions of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope differentially affect the viral phenotype in an isolate-dependent manner. J Virol 2005 79(14) 9069-9080. 

Chabot DJ, Zhang PF, Quinnan GV, Broder CC. Mutagenesis of CXCR4 identifies important domains for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 X4 isolate envelope-mediated membrane fusion and virus entry and reveals cryptic coreceptor activity for R5 isolates. J Virol 1999 73(8) 6598-6609. 

Yi Y, Shaheen F, Collman RG. Preferential use of CXCR4 by R5X4 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates for infection of primary lymphocytes. J Virol 2005 79(3) 1480-1486. 

Yi Y, Singh A, Shaheen F, Louden A, Lee C, Collman RG. Contrasting use of CCR5 structural determinants by R5 and R5X4 variants within a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolate quasispecies. J Virol 2003 77(22) 12057-12066. 

The collaboration among the above-mentioned groups was intense and admirable. It represented a historic case in which members of the most scientific research teams in government and university laboratories collaborated totally with research scienhsts in the pharmaceutical industry with the objective to (1) determine whether a virus was present in human blood that might transmit this disease and (2) if so, how the products could be treated before use in human patients to eliminate the parasite. Before the end of the decade, researchers at the NIH and the Pasteur Institute in France isolated a virus they called human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), thought to be the cause of AIDS. 

In order to identify novel lead compounds with antiviral effects, methanol and aqueous extracts of some medicinal plants in the Zingiberaceae family were screened for inhibition of proteases from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). By bioassay-guided fractionation, eight fiavones were isolated from the black rhizomes of Kaempferia parviflora Wall, ex Baker. The most effective inhibitors, 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyfiavone and 5,7-dimethoxyflavone, inhibited HIV-1 protease, with an inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) values of 19 0,M. Moreover, 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone inhibited HCV protease and HCMV protease, with IC50 values of 190 and 250 pM, respectively. 

The resolution of racemic FTC butyrate (34) was required for the synthesis of the antiviral drug emtricitabine (Emtriva) (Scheme 7.15) a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor targeted for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis infections [35]. The racemic FTC butyrate ester (34) was treated with immobilized cholesterol esterase, which cleaved the required isomer to the corresponding alcohol (-) 35 with 91% and 52% conversion [36]. The product was isolated as the hydrochloride salt to give 31% yield (98% ) from the 8 kg demonstration. The esterase was immobilized by precipitation onto an accurel polypropylene support using acetone followed by cross linking with glutaralde-... 

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