Promoter proximal

Review] [67 refs]. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 7 719-723 Bodnar RJ (2007) Endogenous opiates and behavior 2006. Peptides 28 2435-2513 Boekhoudt GH, Guo Z, Beresford GW, Boss JM (2003) Communication between NF-kappa B and Spl controls histone acetylation within the proximal promoter of the monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 gene. J Immunol 170 4139-4147... 

Within the proximal promoter are found five sequence elements that are conserved between D. melanogaster and D. virilis (Scholnick et al., 1986) (Fig. 5). The 16-bp element I sequence is perfectly conserved between D. melanogaster and D. virilis (Bray and Hirsh, 1986). Inactivation of element I by deletion or point mutation leads to a selective loss of Ddc expression within the CNS (Scholnick et al., 1986 Bray et al., 1988) (Fig. 6A), without significantly affecting hypodermal Ddc expression. This demonstrates that element I is required specifically for expression of Ddc within the CNS. 

ADH6 was discovered by nucleotide cross-hybridization, and has not yet been demonstrated as a functional protein. The mRNA is found in liver (both adult and fetal) and stomach. ADH6 has a fully functional promoter, active in both hepatoma cells and fibroblasts [37]. There are several positive cis-acting elements in the proximal promoter, several of which are bound by C/EBP. There is a compound cell-specific regulatory element about 2 kb upstream, that is a positive element in the hepatoma cells and a negative element in fibroblasts [23]. 

Archaebacterial RNA polymerases are very different from their eubacterial counterparts and more closely resemble eukaryotic enzymes both in their subunit complexity and in their amino acid sequences (for review, see Puehler et al., 1989). This view is also reflected in the diversity of the DNA sequences that are used by the transcription apparatus as signals for initiation of transcription, namely, the promoters. Many attempts were made to identify a consensus promoter structure (Zillig et al., 1988). However, as more genes are isolated and characterized, the picture becomes less coherent. Earlier identification of two upstream sequences, box A and box B, located around positions — 30 and + 1, respectively, gave way to two elements —DPE (distal promoter element) and PPE (proximal promoter element)—located - 38 to - 25 and — 11 to — 2, respectively (Reiter et al., 1990). The DPE encompasses the box A sequence TTTA(A or T)A, but the PPE sequence seems to depend more on an (A + T)-rich sequence rather than on a specific DNA sequence. 

Travers, M.T., Vallance, A.J., Gourlay, H.T., Gill, C.A., Klein, I., Bottema, C.B., Barber, M.C. 2001. Promoter I of the ovine acetyl-CoA carboxylase-alpha gene an E-box motif at -114 in the proximal promoter binds upstream stimulatory factor (USF)-l and USF-2 and acts as an insulin-response sequence in differentiating adipocytes. Biochem. J. 359, 273-284. 

Enhancer DNA sequence that binds a transcription factor. Enhancers typically are not part of the proximal promoter and often are effective from a long distance, in either orientation, 5 or 3 to a gene. 

Proximal promoter The first 200- to 300-bp 5 to the start of transcription. Typically, the proximal promoter binds general transcription factors (not tissue, inducible, or gene-specific). These include binding sites for TFIID (TATAA), Spl and related proteins (GGGCGG), and other factors. 

Rusche, J.J., and Hurley, L.H., Facilitation of a structural transition in the polypurine/polypyrimidine tract within the proximal promoter region in the human VEGF gene by the presence of potassium and G-quadruplex-interactive agents, Nucleic Acids Res. 33, 6070-6080, 2005. 

Elements independent of operation and position (in contrast to proximal promoter... 

Element Klundert, F.A., Jansen, H.J., and Bloemendal, H A proximal promoter... 

The promoter of STSSia I (GD3-synthase, STII), which has attracted much more attention than have other promoters of the ganglioside synthase genes, has been cloned from rat [103], mouse [104] and human [105]. The promoter of all three species is TATA-less and does not possess known core- promoter elements, including the initiator (INR), the downstream promoter (DPE), the TFIIB recognition elements (BRE), and the motif ten element (MTE). Similar to other TATA-less promoters, it has a high GC content and is enriched in Spl-bind-ing sites. The proximal promoter region is defined within 500 or 700 bp upstream of the ATG... 

The tissue-selective expression of several CYP genes in the respiratory tract has been explored in order to identify mechanisms of regulation, primarily through the use of animal models. For CYP2A, a nuclear factor I-like element (called NPTA element) is present in the proximal promoter region it is conserved in rodent and... 

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