Dried leaf

The concentration of alkaloids, as well as the specific area of occurrence or localization within the plant or animal, can vary enormously. Thus the amount of nicotine [54-11-5] (21), C2QH24N2, apparentiy synthesized ia the roots of various species of JSHcotiana and subsequentiy translocated to the leaves varies with soil conditions, moisture, extent of cultivation, season of harvest, etc and may be as high as 8% of the dry leaf, whereas the amount of morphine (2, R = H) ia cerebrospiaal duid is of the order of 2 to 339 fmol/mL (23). 

Heima [83-72-7]—Cl Natural Orange 6, Cl No. 75480. The dried leaf and petiole of Camoma alba Cam [Lamoma inermis L.) (66). 

Miscellaneous Identified Inhibitors. 3-Acetyl-6-methoxy-benzaldehyde is present in the leaves of the desert shrub Encelia farinosa. It is apparently leached from the leaves and washed into the soil by rain. Concentrations of approximately 0.5 mg. per gram of dried leaf material have been measured. In sand culture studies, growth of tomato seedlings was inhibited by 50 p.p.m. while 115 p.p.m. reduced growth by 50% (53). A concentration of 250 p.p.m. killed the test plants within one day. The structure was confirmed by synthesis, and the synthetic material was shown to be as active as the natural product (54). Derivatives were also prepared in which a cyano, nitro, or amino group was substituted for the aldehyde moiety. The amino derivative was reported to be the most highly toxic. 

Tea is second only to water in worldwide consumption. Annual production of about 1.8 million T of dry leaf provides world per capita consumption of 40 L of beverage (Table l).1 The scientific interest in tea is due in part to the unusual chemical composition of its leaf and the complex series of reactions that occur when these components are converted to those found in commercial dry tea. Many of the reaction products interact with caffeine, modifying flavor and contributing to the technical problems of tea processing, as will be shown later. 

Initial infection is due to attack by spores in the soil. Warm soil temperatures are required for the initial infection to occur. Spores in air dried leaf tissue remain viable for up to 4 years. 

Many preparations of feverfew are available to the general public from health food shops and similar outlets in the U.K. They take the form of herbal or homeopathic preparations. The herbal preparations may contain just dried leaf in tablet or capsule form or indeed the dried whole plant. There are many different dosages on the market ranging from 25 to 390 mg per tablet or capsule. When the platelet antisecretory activity that could be extracted from some of these preparations was compared with that extracted from known amounts of feverfew, the apparent feverfew content of most preparations was found to be lower that that stated on the preparation [70]. In the case of the homeopathic preparation, no antisecretory activity was detected. 

In ancient times, poison-hemlock seed was collected green, dried and stored to be used medicinally as a sedative. The dried leaf and juice of Conium maculatum L. (Hemlock) were listed in pharmacopoeias of London and Edinburgh from 1864 to 1898, and the last official record appeared in Great Britain in the British Pharmaceutical Codex of 1934. Interest in the medicinal value of poison-hemlock has declined because of the unpredictability of its effects. The unpredictability is now understood, the toxin profile and concentration in the plant and green seed can vary dramatically because of environmental factors or, even, diurnally. 

The construction and appearance of bidi cigarettes differ markedly from commercial cigarettes. Bidis are manufactured primarily in India, and consist of about 150-250 mg of sun-dried tobacco (N. tabacum) flakes wrapped in a dried leaf of tembumi (Diospyros melanoxylon) or tendi (Diospyrosebenum) (Pakhale and Maru 1998). 

At least three studies have demonstrated that feverfew (dried leaf, not extract) can reduce the frequency and severity of migraine headaches, although one study failed to find any significant difference from placebo. Prophylaxis appears to be more effective than acute treatment. There is also a consensus that feverfew is probably less effective than conventional migraine prophylaxis, although it may have a role as a second-line option. Although feverfew has also been used for rheumatism, it has never been verified to be effective in clinical trials. 

TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL USES India. Decoctions of the dried and fresh buds and leaves are taken orally for headache and fever " . Powder or decoction of the dried leaf is applied to teeth to prevent tooth decay S Fresh leaf juice is taken orally for abortion , and as a contraceptive and hemostatic b Mexico. Hot water extract of the leaf is taken orally by nursing mothers to increase milk production " . 

China. Hot water extract of the dried leaf is taken orally as a sedative, an antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory . Guatemala. Hot water extract of the dried leaf is used as eyewash for conjunctivitis ". Kenya. Water extract of the dried leaf is applied ophthalmically to treat corneal opacities . The infusion is used for chalzion and conjunctivitis ... 

Thailand. Hot water extract of the dried leaf is taken orally as a cardiotonic and neurotonic . Hot water extract of the dried seed is taken orally as an anti-fungah . 

Anaphrodisiac effect. Tincture of the resin, administered intraperitoneally to male mice at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg, produced a significant reduction in mounts and attempted mounts. Other behaviorial activities were unaffected . Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Ethanol (100%) extract of the dried leaf at a concentration of 333.3 pg/mL produced weak activity, and the water extract was inactive . 

Anti-anaphylactic activity. Water extract of the dried fruit, at a concentration of 1 pg/ mL, produced weak activity on the rat Leuk-RBL 2H3 vs biotinyl immunoglobulin E-avidin complex-induced degranulation of (3-hexosaminidase 5 Anti-androgenic effect. Ethanol (95%) extract of the aerial parts, administered intraperitoneally to castrated mice at a dose of 2 mg/animal, produced strong activity The dried leaf, smoked by 13 male adults for 21 days, was inactive . 

Anti-estrogenic effect. Ethanol (95%) extract of the dried aerial parts, administered intragastric to rats at variable doses was inactive . Petroleum ether extract of the dried leaf, administered intraperitoneally to female rats at a dose equivalent to 10 mg/kg tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on 11-21 days of age, was active . Antifertility effect. Petroleum ether extract of the entire plant, administered by gastric intubation to female mice at doses of 75 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg, was active. A dose of 3 mg/kg, produced weak activity ". Resin, administered by gastric intubation to male mice at variable dosage levels, was inactive . ... 

Antifungal activity. Ethanol (50%) extract of the dried leaf was active on Rhizoctonia solani, mycelial inhibition was 65.99% . Water extract of the fresh leaf on agar plate... 

Antimalarial activity. The dried leaf was inactive on Plasmodium falciparum D-6 and W-2, ICjf, greater than 1000 nmols " h Antimycobacterial activity. Essential oil, on agar plate, was active on AntimycO bacterium smegmatis, MIC 0.1 mg/mL 5 Anti-nematodal activity. Water extract of the dried leaf at variable concentrations produced strong activity on Meloidogyne incognita. ... 

Carcinogenic activity. The dried leaf, administered intraperitoneally to rats of both sexes at a dose of 7 mg/kg/week, was active. The animals were irradiated with y radiation between 40 and 50 days of age and observed for 78 weeks. There was a greater incidence of tumors in animals given marijuana extract and y radiation than either marihuana or y radiation alone Cardiorespiratory effect. Fifty stable patients (25 males, 25 females) with methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) programs were investigated. Forty-six MMT... 

Lactate inhibition. The dried leaf, smoked by adults at a dose of 2 g/person, decreased blood lactic acid L... 

Mutagenic activity. Petroleum ether extract of the aerial parts, in the ration of Drosophila at concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 5% of the diet, was active . Petroleum ether extract of the dried leaf, administered by gastric intubation to male mice at a dose of 50 mg/kg, was active h Water and methanol extracts of the seed, on agar plate at a concentration of 100 mg/mL, were inactive on Bacillus subtilis H-17 (Rec+) and Salmonella typhimurium TAIOO and TA98. Metabolic activation had no effect on the results h... 

A 29-year-old man presented with acute pancreatitis after a period of heavy cannabis smoking. Other causes of the disease were ruled out. The pancreatitis resolved itself after the cannabis was stopped and this was confirmed by urinary cannabinoid metabolite monitoring in the community. There were no previous reports of acute pancreatitis associated with cannabis use in the general population. Drugs of all types are related to the etiology of pancreatitis in approximately 1.4-2% of cases k Pancreatic toxicity. The dried leaf, smoked by a 19-year-old woman, was active. The subject was hospitalized with pancrea-titis . 

Tunisia. Dried leaf is used externally for chilblains° h... 

Hypoglycemic activity. Dried leaf, in tbe ration of male mice at a concentration of 6.25% of the diet for 28 days, was inactive vs streptozotoc in-induced hyperglycemia° . Ether extract of the fresh root, administered subcutaneously to dogs, rabbits, and human adults, was active ... 

Toxicity assessment. Ethanol (50%) extract DC002 of the root, administered intraperitoneally to mice, produced LDj , 500 mg/kg ° T Tumor promotion inhibition. Methanol extract of the dried leaf, in cell culture at a concentration of 200 pg/disc, was inactive on EBV vs 12 0 hexadecanoylphorhol 13 DC004 acetate-induced EBV activation . 

Mexico. Decoction of the bark and dried branches is taken orally as an abortive and for diabetes. Decoction of the dried root is taken orally by pregnant humans as an abortive and for diabetes . Infusion of the shade-dried entire plant is taken orally to treat infectious diseases ". Decoction of the dried leaf is taken orally for treatment of diabetes. Hot water extract of the dried leaf is taken orally as a blood purifier to treat kidney problems, urinary tract infections, and frigidity for gallstones, rheumatism and arthritis, diabetes, wounds, and skin injuries, displacement of the womb, and paralysis and to dissolve tumors 5 United States. Hot water extract of the dried leaf is taken orally as a stimulating expectorant and tonic, for tuberculosis, and is drank by Indians of the Southwest for bowel cramps, as a diuretic, and for venereal disease. Hot water extract of the dried leaf is used externally for wound healing . Hot water extract of the dried plant is taken orally for cancer. Effects described are from multicomponent reaction ". 

Anti-implantation effect. Chloroform extracts of the dried leaf, twig, and stem, administered intragastrically to pregnant rats at a dose of 0.58 g/kg for 10 days, were active. The phenolic fraction, at a dose of 0.52 g/kg and methanol extract at a dose of 0.70 g/kg, were active. Water extract, at a dose of 1 g/kg and petroleum ether extract at a dose of 0.38 g/kg, were inactive Anti-tumor activity. Water extract of the dried root, administered intraperitoneally to mice at a dose of 400 mg/kg, was inactive on Leuk (friend virus-solid) and Leuk-L1210. A dose of 500 mg/kg was inactive on sarcoma 180(ASC) - . 

Gene expression inhibition. Chloroform/ methanol extract (1 1) of the dried leaf, in cell culture, was active on hepatoma-Cos-7, IC50 600.0 pg/mL vs TAT-dependent activation of HIV promoter hioassay - . Hepatotoxic activity. The leaf, taken orally by a female adult, was active - . A patient consumed 15 tablets of the leaf per day for 4 months. Approximately 1 year after stopping consumption, liver enzymes returned to normal and fatigue was no longer a complaint - ". Infusion of the dried leaf, taken orally by a female adult at variable doses, was active. The 60-year-old woman who took Lama tridentata for 10 months developed severe hepatitis for which no other cause could be found. Despite aggressive supportive therapy, the patient s condition deteriorated and required orthotropic liver transplantation - " . Dried leaves, administered orally to adults at variable doses, were active. A public warning has been issued by the US Centers for Disease Control based on reports of liver toxicity after use of Lama tridentata tea - " k Dried leaves, administered orally to adults of both sexes at variable doses, were active - ". The plant, administered orally to adults at variable doses, was active - ". Dried leaves, administered orally to adults at variable doses, were active. One case of hepatotoxicity induced by Larrea tridentata taken as a nutritional supplement was reported - ". Thirteen patients were identified for whom Larrea tridentata tincture for internal use was prescribed. Additionally, 20 female and three male patients were identified from whom an extract of Larrea tridentata in castor oil for... 

Insecticide activity. Acetone extracts of the dried leaf, dried root, and dried stem, at a low concentration, were inactive on Culex quinquefasciatus - Water extract of the dried leaf, administered intravenously, produced weak activity on Periplaneta ameri caruL . 

Brazil. Dried leaf is used as an insecticide . Leaves are heated and the juice is squeezed out, mixed with ash from bark of... 

Fiji. Fresh root is taken orally for asthma and indigestion. Fresh root juice is applied ophthalmically as drops for bloodshot eyes and other problems. Seed is taken orally for rheumatism and to treat hoarseness . Guatemala. Leaves are applied externally by adults for myasis, headache, and wounds " . A mixture of the leaf with menthol VapoRub is applied externally for children for cough . Fiot water extract of the dried leaf is applied externally for ringworms, fungal diseases of the skin L wounds, ulcers, bruises, sores, mouth lesions, stomatitis, and mucosa k The leaf is taken orally for kidney diseases . 

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