Diagnostic Techniques

An unsteady ain-flow unbalance that alternates between inlets can set up an alternating thrust pattern which can be very damagiag to beariags designed for low thrust load. Mechanical vibration and elastic deformation problems and diagnostic techniques for stmctural iaadequacies ia fan design are discussed ia Reference 16. 

Diagnostic techniques that involve natural emissions are appHcable to plasmas of all sizes and temperatures and clearly do not perturb the plasma conditions. These are especially useful for the small, high temperature plasmas employed in inertial fusion energy research, but are also finding increased use in understanding the glow discharges so widely used commercially. 

Various plasma diagnostic techniques have been used to study the SiH discharges and results have helped in the understanding of the growth kinetics. These processes can be categorized as r-f discharge electron kinetics, plasma chemistry including transport, and surface deposition kinetics. 

Because high quaHty, low cost, and optimum performance are required for spray equipment, improved analytical and experimental tools are iadispensable for increasing productivity ia many competitive iadustries. In most iastances, it is no longer adequate to characterize a spray solely on the basis of flow rate and spray pattern. Information on droplet size, velocity, volume flux, and number density is often needed and can be determined usiag advanced laser diagnostic techniques. These improvements have benefited a wide spectmm of consumer and specialized iadustrial products. 

The decades since World War II have seen many improvements and a diversification of the experimental and diagnostic techniques employed in... 

The many diagnostic techniques which have been employed in the science of shock compression can be divided into two main categories ... 

Magnetic resonance imaging, MRI (Chapter 13 Focus On) A medical diagnostic technique based on nuclear magnetic resonance. 

Electro-osmosis generated flows are interesting for micro-electronics, biomedical diagnostic techniques, and a number of other applications. Important results related to heat transfer in such flows were obtained recently by Maynes and Webb... 

Characterization of gene expression and improved diagnostic techniques. 

Here, selected, more established laser diagnostic techniques will only be briefly named with their principal area of application in combustion measurements, but not further described details on these and other methods can be found in the above-mentioned literature and references cited therein. Workhorse techniques in combustion diagnostics include Raman and Rayleigh... 

Smith, J.D., Development and application of highspeed optical diagnostic techniques for conducting scalar measurements in internal combustion engines, PhD dissertation in Mechanical Engineering. 2006, University of Michigan Ann Arbor. 

Chapter 2 is devoted to combustion diagnostics. The majority of the novel diagnostic techniques have already been presented in Applied Combustion Diagnostics (2002) by the same author and in a number of survey papers (e.g.. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 2005 Progress in Energy and Combustion, 2006). In this book, K. Kohse-Hoinghaus presents work on how to make measurements in combustion chemistry, since this is an area where there have been many recent developments. 

The application and development of new in vitro diagnostic techniques aims to enable physicians to reach an allergy diagnosis with no risk for the patient. This is particularly desirable in the case of serious reactions such as anaphylaxis, by confirming the existence of an anaphylactic reaction and differentiating between individuals which present with sensitization but no cUnical symptoms following exposure to the allergen from those that show a serious clinical reaction. 

In order to relate material properties with plasma properties, several plasma diagnostic techniques are used. The main techniques for the characterization of silane-hydrogen deposition plasmas are optical spectroscopy, electrostatic probes, mass spectrometry, and ellipsometry [117, 286]. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) is a noninvasive technique and has been developed for identification of Si, SiH, Si+, and species in the plasma. Active spectroscopy, such as laser induced fluorescence (LIF), also allows for the detection of radicals in the plasma. Mass spectrometry enables the study of ion and radical chemistry in the discharge, either ex situ or in situ. The Langmuir probe technique is simple and very suitable for measuring plasma characteristics in nonreactive plasmas. In case of silane plasma it can be used, but it is difficult. Ellipsometry is used to follow the deposition process in situ. 

Knowledge on the plasma species can be obtained by the use of plasma diagnostics techniques, such as optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and mass spectroscopy (MS). Both techniques are able to probe atomic and molecular, neutral or ionized species present in plasmas. OES is based on measuring the light emission spectrum that arises from the relaxation of plasma species in excited energy states. MS, on the other hand, is generally based on the measurement of mass spectra of ground state species. 

Pneumatic otoscopy A diagnostic technique involving visualization of the tympanic membrane for transparency, position, and color, and its response to positive and negative air pressure to assess mobility. 

CA Dunbar, AP Watkins, JF Miller. An experimental investigation of the spray issued from a pMDI using laser diagnostic techniques. J Aerosol Med 10 351-368, 1997. 

The innovative and technological achievement of computerized axial tomography required a sophisticated understanding of physiology, mathematics, and radiology. A clear comprehension of chemical principles also contributes to the success of this diagnostic technique. 

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