Human factors behavior

Sheppard, B., Xanoske, M., Liu, B., 2012. Understanding risk communication theory A guide for emergency managers and communicators. Report to Human Factors/Behavioral Sciences Division, Science and Technology Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security. 

The term Task Analysis (TA) can be applied very broadly to encompass a wide variety of human factors techniques. Nearly all task analysis techniques provide, as a minimum, a description of the observable aspects of operator behavior at various levels of detail, together with some indications of the structure of the task. These will be referred to as action oriented approaches. Other techniques focus on the mental processes that imderlie observable behavior, for example, decision making and problem solving. These will be referred to as cognitive approaches. 

Thomas J. Smith and Thomas L. Larson, Integrating Quality Management and Hazard Management A Behavioral Cybernetic Perspective, Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 35th Annual Meeting, 1991. 

Historically, companies and agencies that investigate incidents have overlooked human factor causes almost entirely. Material deficiencies in incidents (for example, equipment malfunction or a deficiency in the structural integrity of the vessel) can often he identified easily (for example, a shaft is broken). However, the real difficulty in incident investigation is to answer why these deficiencies occurred, and the answer is often related to human behavior. For instance, the shaft may have broken because of com-... 

Biocomplexity is a characteristic feature of all systems of the environment connected with life. The ways in which this is manifested are studied within the framework of the theory of stability and vitality of ecosystems. Note that biocomplexity includes indicators of the extent to which interacting systems modify each other, and this means that biocomplexity should be studied by considering both the spatial and biological levels of its organization. The difficulty of this problem is explained by the complicated behavior of the object under study, especially when the human factor is considered, due to which the number of stress situations in the environment is constantly growing. Within this study the Arctic systems are considered as NSS sub-systems. 

If a consumer is exposed to hazardous product characteristics, the severity level or potential consequence of this exposure must be evaluated. Human factors analysis is conducted to determine the consequences (i.e., potential product-related injuries) based on the foreseeable behaviors consumers will use when interacting with products. Virtual and physical models of the human anatomy are used to effectively diagnose and demonstrate hazardous product characteristics. (In contrast to a physical hazard such as those noted above, physical in this human context relates to the usage of three-dimensional (3D) models of various parts of humans relevant to the exposures associated with use and/or misuse of a product.)... 

The human factors literature is rich in behavioral and cognitive models of human performance. Because of space limitations, however, only three generic models of human performance will be presented here. They have found extensive applications. Section 2.1 presents a behavioral model developed by Wickens (1992), the human information-processing model. Sections 2.2 and 2.3 present two cognitive models, the action-cycle model of Norman (1988) and the skill-, rule-, and knowledge-based model of Rasmussen (1986). 

The human factors literature is rich in task analysis techniques for situations and jobs requiring rule-based behavior (e.g., Kirwan and Ainsworth 1992). Some of these techniques can also be used for the analysis of cognitive tasks where weU-practiced work methods must be adapted to task variations and new circumstances. This can be achieved provided that task analysis goes beyond the recommended work methods and explores task variations that can cause failures of human performance. Hierarchical task analysis (Shepherd 1989), for instance, can be used to describe how operators set goals and plan their activities in terms of work methods, antecedent conditions, and expected feedback. When the analysis is expanded to cover not only normal situations but also task variations or changes in circumstances, it would be possible to record possible ways in which humans may fail and how they could recover from errors. Table 2 shows an analysis of a process control task where operators start up an oil refinery furnace. This is a safety-critical task because many safety systems are on manual mode, radio communications between control room and on-site personnel are intensive, side effects are not visible (e.g., accumulation of fuel in the fire box), and errors can lead to furnace explosions. 

There are four basic human factors approaches that can be used in concert to influence employee behavior to control workplace hazards ... 

The prediction of errors is considered an important human factor concern (Wickens, 1990). Numerous experimental studies show that SP and performance parameters correlate significantly, where higher SP negativity indicates better performanee. Because SP negativity precedes the overt behavior and per-... 

Abstract. This paper introduces an agent-hased approach to analyze the dynamics of accidents and incidents in aviation. The approach makes use of a number of elements, including formahzation of a real world scenario, agent-based simulation of variations of the scenario, and formal verification of dynamic properties against the (empirical and simulated) scenarios. The scenario formalization part enables incident reconstruction and formal analysis of it. The simulation part enables the analyst to explore various hypothetical scenarios under different circumstances, with an emphasis on error related to human factors. The formal verification part enables the analyst to identify scenarios involving potential hazards, and to relate those hazards (via so-called interlevel relations) to inadequate behavior on the level of individual agents. The approach is illustrated by means of a case study on a runway incursion incident, and a number of advantages with respect to the current state-of-the-art are discussed. 

Work has its special properties in coal mine production line workers, the subject they are productive activity, and is the main excitation accident. Personnel errors has become an important source of danger of accidents, on the one hand, it lies in internal factors, such as age, physical, physiological, psychological, their safety awareness effect on the other hand it lies in the external factors of workers in the work, such as the environment, enterprises of staff supervision, the completeness of machinery and equipment effects of the above factors, induced to have accidents tend to internal factors, external factors, individual, forming a human behavior set beam. Therefore, prevention and reduction caused by human factors of accidents has become an important issue to be solved in coal mine enterprise. 

Theoretical study leading causes of casualties have been one hundred years of history. With the development of productive forces, changes in production methods, production relations, as reflected in the existence of differences in security perceptions. More research scholars tend to study the accident causation studies, the occurrence of the accident was due to human factors and physical factors trajectory of the intersection of the accident is the intersection of time and space. Meanwhile, track crossover theory as accident causation theory, emphasizing the human factor and physical factors occupy the same important position. So, in order to effectively prevent accidents, people must also take measures to eliminate unsafe behaviors and material insecurity. 

Safety behavior science is an important branch of behavior science, which is the application of behavior science in the field of work safety, and is an applied science which is based on the science of physiology, psychology and sociology. It analyzes, recognizes and studies the factors and mode of influence in human safety behaviors, masters the rules of human behavior, and realizes driving safety behavior and restraining unsafe behavior. The theory of behavior science can be directly applied to the safety behavior science. It however has significant difference. 

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