External factors

The relative importance of the three pathways depends on internal and external factors. External factors such as pH will be discussed in the pages to follow, as will internal factors such as the nature of the adjacent residue. There is, however, one internal factor that can be deduced from Fig. 6.27, namely that Pathway b is priviledged relative to Pathway c since the formation of a five-membered ring is entropically more favorable than that of a six-membered ring [93] [96]. 

Asymmetric induction and stereoregularity can be treated, at least in part, as two distinct phenomena however, it has been observed that the values of pu and Pol can be divided into two parts one dependent on chiral factors external to the chain (catalyst, environment, etc.) and the other dependent on the intramolecular chain induction. This latter is a factor of stereoregularity or cooper-ativity rather than of chirality (its value is identical for both the DD and LL successions) (328). Both factors can be expressed as differences of free energies of activation In favorable cases, when they are of the same sign, asymmetric polymerization becomes easier (i.e., under the same conditions it gives a higher optical yield) than an analogous nonmacromolecular asymmetric synthesis. 

Calculation of the same contribution with the help of the Braun formula was made in [4]. In the Braun formula approach one also makes the substitution in (3.35) in the propagators of the exchange photons, factorizes external wave functions as was explained above (see Subsect. 5.1.1), subtracts the infrared divergent part of the integral corresponding to the correction of previous order in Za, and then calculates the integral. The result of this calculation [4] nicely coincides with the one in (5.5). ... 

Each enzyme in the pathway can be examined in this way, and the effects of any of several outside factors on flux through the pathway can be separately determined. Thus, in principle, we can predict how the flux of substrate through a series of enzymatic steps will change when there is a change in one or more controlling factors external to the pathway. Box 15-3 shows how these qualitative concepts are treated quantitatively. 

Prior to considering the factory layout the designer must understand the risks to the production environment. These come from factors external to the plant, transmission media into the plant and internal factors resulting from operations within the plant. Table 8.1 details some examples of risk factors. Measures must be designed into the factory to eliminate or control all the risks to acceptable levels. 

A newly discovered risk of opiate abuse relates to a role of endogenous opiates—opiates naturally produced by the body—as growth factors. External opiates like morphine will block such functioning, possibly harming a growing embryo as well as the mother s adaptation to pregnancy. 

The merit of this definition is that it distinguishes factors controlling the toxicokinetics of the substance (i.e., the rates of uptake, elimination, transformation, and internal distribution) from environmental factors (external to the organism) that control the amount of chemical that can be absorbed by the organism through a specific route of uptake. 

In the following, factors external to the actual interfacial supramolecular assembly, which are capable of modifying the photoinduced electron injection process, are considered. This discussion will concentrate on how the rate of charge injection can be manipulated by changing the composition of the electrolyte and by changing the external potential applied to the semiconductor film. 

This situation, well known to the workers in the field, has occurred due to a factor external to quantum chemistry itself, namely the intense development of computational hardware during the past few decades. The numerical point of view, which reduces the subject of Quantum Chemistry to obtaining certain numbers, has thus become predominant. It might be acceptable, but the situation changes completely when we find ourselves in the realm of complex systems (for which, as we shall see, hybrid modeling is basically necessary) obtaining numerical results for the complex systems or their subsequent interpretation in the frame of the standard procedures becomes too costly if at all possible and the answer obtained numerically becomes unobservable (if some one does not understand just one number to be the answer... 

Environment Factors external to the human host, including physical, chemical, biological, social, cultural, and economic factors — any or all of which can influence health status of populations. 

The nagging question remains—why do these excellent ligands fail to coordinate The most convenient molecular explanation would be of a steric nature however, H2O and NH3 molecules are substantially smaller than Br so that spatial restrictions are not involved. It is tempting to seek some model based on specificity of the axial sites on nickel, perhaps for donors prefering B-type metals however, quantitative studies 12) show that the spectrochemical series for the X groups in Ni(CT)X2 is normal (CN- (> CT) > NCS > ONO" > F" > N3- > NO3- Cl > Br > I ). It therefore becomes necessary to seek the cause in factors external to the complexes in question. That such factors are readily recognized will be evident shortly. 

Precision is a measure of how variable a method is in its measurement of a product parameter under normal usage. In statistical terms, precision is measured by the variance of the method. Additionally, the typical sources of variability are accounted for in assessing precision these are random factors external to the method, such as analysts, days, and changing assay hardware ... 

Only one lot of well-characterized product or reference standard should be used in the validation. Product lot or batch is not a factor in method validation. Factors that are typically assessed are instrument or machine, analyst or operator, day, and other factors external to the method itself that come into play in the typical running of an assay. 

The quantity of solar radiation received on the Earth s surface depends on two groups of factors external and internal. The external group may include astronomical factors, such as day duration and sun height. One of the key internal factors is atmospheric circulation. It influences the cloudiness and transparency of the atmosphere and has a large influence on the transfer of energy within the atmosphere. 

Anatomic studies indicate that mammary carcinomas often arise in multiple independent foci within a breast. Variations in the chromosomal patterns of tumor cells have been seen in breast and other types of carcinomas. Most breast tumors can be classified on the basis of a dominant growth pattern upon histological examination. However, it is common to find focal variations in these features and occasionally two or more distinct types of carcinomas are found in the same tumor or in different parts of the breast. We have shown (R6) that ERP properties of mammary carcinomas may be influenced by their histological classification. In view of these observations, it would not be surprising that anatomically separate metastases might differ in their ERP properties. To some extent, therefore, variation in ERP properties is probably an intrinsic characteristic of mammary carcinomas. In addition to the intrinsic variability of breast carcinomas, consideration must be given to factors external to the tumor that might affect ERP. 

As the reaction rate increases in the region of low effectiveness factors, external mass transfer becomes important and eventually controls the overall rate. Since bulk diffusivity in gases depends on the apparent activation energy will show a further decrease, and the plot of rate vs. jT will be as shown in Figure 4.9. Sometimes the transition from the pore diffusion region to the external mass transfer region occurs over a small... 

The general environment consists of factors external to the industry that may have a significant impact on the enterprise s strategies. These factors often overlap, and developments in one area may influence those in another. The general environment usually holds both opportunities for and threats to expansion. 

Work has its special properties in coal mine production line workers, the subject they are productive activity, and is the main excitation accident. Personnel errors has become an important source of danger of accidents, on the one hand, it lies in internal factors, such as age, physical, physiological, psychological, their safety awareness effect on the other hand it lies in the external factors of workers in the work, such as the environment, enterprises of staff supervision, the completeness of machinery and equipment effects of the above factors, induced to have accidents tend to internal factors, external factors, individual, forming a human behavior set beam. Therefore, prevention and reduction caused by human factors of accidents has become an important issue to be solved in coal mine enterprise. 

V Ilex- Overall effectiveness factor, external, of porous catalyst —... 

Examples of secondary failures (failure caused by factors external to the... 

Factors external to the organization—materials, industry, community, society, etc. 

Type of risk Externally driven factors Internally driven factors Externally and internally driven factors... 

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