Behavioral Factors

Factor analyses of the PCL-R (e.g., Hare, 1991) identified two underlying factors interpersonal-affective (Factor 1, including such traits as callous ) and antisocial behavior (Factor 2, e.g., juvenile delinquency ). The interpersonal-affective features are generally considered to be central to the construct (e.g., Harpur, Hart, Hare, 1994). It is important to note that a similar construct is included in the DSM—antisocial personality disorder— but it is defined primarily in behavioral terms and does not match many of the nonbehavioral aspects of Cleckley s description. Moreover, both constructs overlap substantially with the concept of criminality, but they are not isomorphic with it. An individual can be a psychopath and can still be successful and without a criminal record. 

Either bimodal or unimodal distribution curves may result from environmental, dietary, and behavioral factors, the bimodal curve indicating... 

More recent studies, 9 12 at dosages that produce behavioral changes, have shown that chronic intramuscular or Intraperltoneal administration of SNA results in development of tolerance to several test situations In several animal species. Tolerance to roughly 2-4 times as much SNA as initially given was evident in the behavioral effects of SNA In these species. Tolerance to SNA was also observed In intramuscular SNA self-administration studies In the monkey. In the development of tolerance, such pharmacologic factors as dose per injection, Injection frequency, and duration of chronic exposure were considered to play a more Important role than behavioral factors (e.g., reinforcement loss).9... 

Branch, M.N., Behavioral factors in drug tolerance, in Methods in Behavioral Pharmacology, F. van Haaren, Ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1993. 

Fisher 1998 demonstrates that the more that is learned about the biomarker (half-life, time course in blood or urine, and development of PBPK model) and the exposed population (age, body weight, pharmacoge-netic traits, behavioral factors that affect exposure, and time between exposure and sample measurement), the more refined dose estimates can become. Without such information, a highly transient metabolite like TCE is not a reliable marker of exposure, unless exposure is nearly continuous and uniform. That may not be the case in the general population, so TCE in blood may not be a good biomarker for assessment of general-population exposure, although PBPK models are available to extrapolate from biomarker concentration to external dose in both animals and humans (Clewell et al. 2000). 

Although menopause is an important initiator for sleeping problems, sleep disturbances may just coincide with the menopausal period. Thus other explanatory factors behind should not be dismissed but evaluated with similar intensity at different periods around menopause. The most important reasons embrace depressive mood, stress, behavioral factors, as well as restless leg syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movement syndrome (PLMS). 

Drug response is likely to be the result of a complex function of the influence of many genes interacting with environmental and behavioral factors. Whether PK-PD variability translates into clinically relevant differences in drug response depends on further issues including compliance, the availability of alternate drugs and doctor/patient perception of side-effects [10]. 

Population mobility is a very important behavioral factor for resistance development. The influx of migrants tends to dilute the frequency of resistance among survivors of treatments, especially for highly mobile insects such as the fall army worm and velvetbean caterpillar. Computer simulation indicated that a moderate rate of immigration of susceptible individuals could ensure the containment of resistance if the initial population was of low density and if a short-lived pesticide was used in regular treatments. 

More advanced techniques that rely on learned behavior of animals (i.e., operant behavior) can provide controls for such nonmotoric behavioral factors and thus provide a more specific indication of changes in endurance and coordination. Rats can be trained to depress a lever with a specified amount of force in order to obtain a reward, for example, food delivery. The amount of force required to depress the lever can then be successively increased until the maximal force that can be exerted is reached. In addition, the force that the animal can sustain over time can also be measured as an indication of endurance. The ability to manipulate reward conditions facilitates the ability to differentiate motoric impairments from motivational deficits. 

We tested exercise capacity using a running wheel and a motorized treadmill. The running wheel tests voluntary exercise because mice can choose to run. Indeed, WT C57B1/6 mice ran about 6 km each night over 5 h. In the AB KO, exercise distance, time, and speed were all markedly lower than for WT. To test if behavioral factors played a role in wheel running, we tested forced exercise on a treadmill, and AB KO mice were also markedly impaired. In summary, AB KO mice had reduced exercise capacity by two complementary assays, likely because of blunting of the normal CO increase with exercise. 

Numerous risk factors for nonadherence have been identified. Clearly, nonadherence is a multifactorial problem, and a host of contributing social, economic, medical, and behavioral factors have been identified.As shown in Table 1, some risk factors for nonadherence relate to the disease (e.g., a chronic or asymptomatic illness), others relate to the patient (forgetfulness, sensory impairment, and economic problems), and still others relate to the drug regimen (concerns about cost, real or perceived adverse effects, or dosing schedule). 

Ader DN, South-Paul J, Adera R, Deuster PA. Cyclic mastalgia Prevalence and associated health and behavioral factors. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol 2001 22 71-76. 

Risk man- The process of evaluating and selecting alterative regulatory and non-agement - regulatory responses to risk. The selection process necessarily requires the consideration of legal, economic, and behavioral factors. 

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE THROUGH NUTRITION Nutritional epidemiology is concerned with exploring the relationship between nutrition and health in human populations. It has developed out of an epidemiological approach, classically defined as the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related conditions or events in defined populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems. Distribution refers to analysis of time, place, and classes of persons affected determinants are all the physiological, biological, social, cultural, and behavioral factors that influence health. 

The second major behavioral factor is pore fluid geochemistry. Aqueous cations lead to competition... 

The schedule of worker bee activities is highly flexible and depends on physiological, ecological, and behavioral factors [6]. During autumn, a reduction in brood rearing and an increase in pollen consumption result in a population of long-lived winter bees having increased fat bodies and protein reserves. The normal 6-week adult life of summer bees may be extended to several months in these winter bees [3-5]. 

Obesity is a condition resulting from a chronic imbalance between food intake and energy homeostasis [75,76]. The role of diet in the development of obesity is indisputable as an environmental factor. Besides environmental factors, genetic and behavioral factors are involved in this disease [77]. 

Ecological and behavioral factors affect the interrelationships among organisms in many ways. Two important ecological factors are environmental conditions and resource availability. Important types of organismal behaviors include competitive, instinctive, territorial, and mating. 

In addition to these two behavioral factors, researchers have also emphasized the team leader s overall characteristics, such as skills and commitment (Smith and Hiikill 1994 Juran 1994). We therefore evaluate the dimension of leadership on aU three factors. 

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