Operational behavior

The term Task Analysis (TA) can be applied very broadly to encompass a wide variety of human factors techniques. Nearly all task analysis techniques provide, as a minimum, a description of the observable aspects of operator behavior at various levels of detail, together with some indications of the structure of the task. These will be referred to as action oriented approaches. Other techniques focus on the mental processes that imderlie observable behavior, for example, decision making and problem solving. These will be referred to as cognitive approaches. 

Does the method focus on the observable aspects of operator behavior Y Y Y Y Y N N... 

The acceptable operating envelope for centrifugal compressors is very limited. Therefore, care should be taken to minimize any variation in suction supply, back-pressure caused by changes in demand, and frequency of unloading. The operating guidelines provided in the compressor vendor s O M manual should be followed to prevent abnormal operating behavior or premature wear or failure of the system. 

Operational behavior in hydraulic systems (lubrication performance, temperature range and seal compatibility, for example) ... 

Radioligand binding to receptor dimers demonstrating co-operative behavior (3.13.1)... 

Nest defense Open field behavior Operant behavior... 

Bomhausen M, Hagen U. 1984. Operant behavior performance changes in rats after prenatal and postnatal exposure to heavy metals. Ires Med Sci 12 805-806. 

Thompson, D.M., and Moerschbaecher, J.M. Phencyclidine in combination with pentobarbital Supra-additive effect on complex operant behavior in patas monkeys. Pharmacol Bi ochem Behav 16 159-165, 1982a. 

Cory-Slechta DA, Pazmino R, Bare C. 1997a. The critical role of nucleus accumbens dopamine systems in the mediation of fixed interval schedule-controlled operant behavior. Brain Res 764 248-256. 

Angell, N.F. and B. Weiss. 1982. Operant behavior of rats exposed to lead before or after weaning. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 63 62-71. 

Sparber, S. B., and Tilson, H. A. (1971) Evironmental influences upon drug-induced suppression of operant behavior. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 179 1-9. 

Jarrard, L. E. (1964) Effects of d-lysergic acid diethylamide on operant behavior in the rat. Psychopharmacologia, 5 39-46. 

Commissaris, R. L., Semeyn, D. R., Moore, K. E., and Rech, R. H. (1980) The effects of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) on operant behavior Interactions with other neuroactive agents. Commun. Psychopharmacol., 4 393-404. 

Passive avoidance task Morris water maze radial maze operant behavior tasks... 

Orsetti M, Casamenti F, Pepeu G. 1996. Enhanced acetylcholine release in hippocampus and cortex during acquistion of an operant behavior. Brain Research 724 89-96. 

Attentional or cognitive impairments have also been observed in rodent models of nicotine withdrawal. These include impaired performance of a test of sustained attention (Shoaib and Bizarro 2005), disrupted contextual fear conditioning (Davis and Gould 2007 Davis et al. 2005), disrupted operant behaviors (Vann et al. 2006), and decreased prepulse inhibition, a test of selective attention (Semenova et al. 2003). 

The Schedule-Controlled Operant Behavior test guideline (OPPTS 870.6500) defines procedures for conducting studies of schedule-controlled operant behavior, one way of evaluating the rate and pattern of a class of learned behavior. The purpose of the guideline is to evaluate the effects of acute and repeated exposures on the rate and pattern of responding under schedules of reinforcement. Additional tests may be necessary to completely assess the effects of any substance on learning, memory, or behavioral performance. 

Aggression due to omission of reward, mostly In pigeons, also monkeys Conditioned history, schedule-controlled operant behavior, omit or infrequent reinforcement Competition for resources food, sex, protected niches Attack pecks or bites, threat display toward conspecific or suitable object... 

One of the most popular tests used to measure anxiety in animals are operant conflict tests. The word operant means that the subject, whether animal or human, must perform some task to bring about a specific result. In this kind of test, something that the animal likes or needs (such as food or water) is used as positive reinforcement to teach the animal to perform a task. For example, a rat might learn that pressing a lever brings the delivery of a food pellet. In this case, pressing the lever is the operant behavior and the food pellet is... 

Hermstein, R. J. (1981) Self-control as response strength1, in E. Szabadi and C. Lowe (eds.), Quantification ofSteady-State Operant Behavior, Amsterdam Elsevier/North Holland. 

An important requirement of kinetic studies for automotive aftertreatment devices is the capability of performing dynamic reactive experiments. Steady-state tests provide useful information for identification of reaction pathway and stoichiometry, but cannot capture the real operating behavior of catalytic converters for vehicles, which is transient in nature. Indeed, this is so not only because of the continuously changing conditions (temperature, composition, flow rate) of the engine exhausts as extensively addressed in the following sections, the principles of NSRC and SCR applications largely rely on the storage/reaction/release dynamics of NOx and of NH3, respectively. 

Limited data indicate that orally (gavage) administered PBBs can produce neurological effects in rats. FireMaster FF-1 at 10 mg/kg/day (3 days/week) for 8 weeks did not alter the performance of rats in tests of operant behavior, but decreased motor activity, grip strength, and startle responsiveness observed in rats following administration of 10 mg/kg/day for 6 months or 30 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks (Tilson and Cabe... 

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