Variables, dependent

Properties of mixtures as a real gas or as a liquid under pressure are determined starting from the properties of mixtures in the ideal gas state or saturated liquid after applying a pressure correction determined as a function of a property or a variable depending on pressure )... 

In the most general temis, an infrared spectrometer consists of a light source, a dispersmg element, a sample compartment and a detector. Of course, there is tremendous variability depending on the application. 

The chemical shift of the hydroxyl proton signal is variable depending on solvent temperature and concentration Its precise position is not particularly significant m struc ture determination Because the signals due to hydroxyl protons are not usually split by other protons m the molecule and are often rather broad they are often fairly easy to... 

Economic Aspects. Most hydrogen sulfide is made and used captively or sold by pipeline at prices which are highly variable, depending on locahty. Production ia the United States exceeds 1.1 X 10 t/yr-It has been estimated that 2.4 x 10 t/yr of sulfur are recovered from H2S-containing refinery streams and 1.8 x 10 t/yr of sulfur are recovered from H S-containing natural gas (120). 

Lagrange multipliers are often referred to as shadow prices, adjoint variables, or dual variables, depending on the context. Suppose the variables are at an optimum point for the problem. Perturb the variables such that only constraint hj changes. We can write... 

We also want to point out the difference between simple rate-dependent phenomena and path-dependent effects. Simple rate dependence means that the internal micromechanical state (as possibly represented by some meso-scale variables) depends only on the current deformation and current rate of deformation the material has no memory of the past. In terms of dislocation dynamics and (7.1), a simple rate-dependent constitutive description would be one in which... 

A model can be defined as a set of relationships between the variables of interest in the system being investigated. A set of relationships may be in the form of equations the variables depend on the use to which the model is applied. Therefore, mathematical equations based on mass and energy balances, transport phenomena, essential metabolic pathway, and physiology of the culture are employed to describe the reaction processes taking place in a bioreactor. These equations form a model that enables reactor outputs to be related to geometrical aspects and operating conditions of the system. 

The mathematical principles of convective heat transfer are complex and outside the scope of this section. The problems are often so complicated that theoretical handling is difficult, and full use is made of empirical correlation formulas. These formulas often use different variables depending on the research methods. Inaccuracy in defining material characteristics, experimental errors, and geometric deviations produce noticeable deviations between correlation formulas and practice. Near the validity boundaries of the equations, or in certain unfavorable cases, the errors can be excessive. 

Observation number Parameter number Independent variables Dependent variable Calculated variable... 

Chemical intakes are calculated using equations that include variables for e.xposure concentration, contact rate, e.xposure frequency, e.xposure duration, body weight, and exposure averaging lime. The values of some of these variables depend on site conditions and the characteristics of The potentially c.xposcd population. 

Tlie expected value of a random variable is the average value of the random variable. The expected value of a random variable X is denoted by E(X). The expected value of a random variable can be interpreted as the long-run average of observations on tlie random variable. The procedure for calculating the expected value of a random variable depends on whether the random variable is discrete or continuous. 

The level of briefing which an owner can give is variable, depending on his resources and his detailed knowledge of building or facilities requirements. The most important point here, however, is clarity. The brief may have to be simple, but it must be clear - it must also be clear who has the responsibility for developing it. 

These fractions are, of course, somewhat variable, dependent on geographic location (i.e. urban versus rural). Generally, average humidity for Britain is as follows ... 

Trace metals have to be removed, notably manganese, ferrous ions and zinc. This is often accomplished using the compound potassium hexacyanoferrate which predpitates or complexes the metals and, in excess, acts to inhibit growth and indirectly promotes dtric add production. The amount of potassium hexacyanoferrate required is variable depending on the nature of the ion content of the carbon source. 

In accordance with Eq. (3.4) or Eq. (3.6), the concentration selectivity of ion exchange is variable depending on the degree of ideality of the solution and CP phase. For dilute solutions at a constant ionic strength, it is possible to take into account as a variable only the degree of non-ideality of the CP phase. For the systems considered here, it is convenient to study the effect of the molar fraction of organic counterions (NJ on the concentration selectivity constant. Fig. 14 shows the dependences of Ks on the molar fraction of oxytetracycline in CP. For CP... 

The yield is variable depending on the degree of dryness ol CeCf, and the hydroxide contcm of thcC n5Li. b The N-N bond of 5 cannot be cleaved under the usual reaction conditions. Only when the pyrazolidine is deprotected. can the reduction be accomplished. c The yield is variable depending on the reaction scale. 

Before describing these thermodynamic variables, we must talk about their properties. The variables are classified as intensive or extensive. Extensive variables depend upon the amount while intensive variables do not. Density is an example of an intensive variable. The density of an ice crystal in an iceberg is the same as the density of the entire iceberg. Volume, on the other hand, is an extensive variable. The volume of the ocean is very different from the volume of a drop of sea water. When we talk about an extensive thermodynamic variable Z we must be careful to specify the amount. This is usually done in terms of the molar property Zm, defined as... 

The same preferences have been calculated315 and observed319 in the 1,2-dithiane oxide system. Although the chair forms are also more stable than the twist or boat in 1,3-, 1,4-dithianes and 1,3,5-trithianes, the preference of the oxygen is highly variable, depending on steric and electronic interactions. 

As with any other scheme, the duration of the program and the length of the individual mentoring relationships can be highly variable, depending on factors such as ... 

The aim of this exercise is for individuals to handle potential relationship problems in the most effective way. The duration of the exercise is highly variable, depending on how many scenarios you wish to discuss. 

In contrast, considering the characteristics of the substituent groups currently used in the chlorine replacements of polydichlorophosphazene, it can be immediately realized that they can be very variable depending on the chemical structure of the nucleophile selected for these reactions. A list of the preferred chemical compounds usually exploited for the phosphazene substitutional processes is reported in Table 4. 

The commonest causes of obstructive (posthepatic) jaundice are cancer of the head of the pancreas and a gallstone lodged in the common bile duct. The presence of bilirubin in the urine is sometimes referred to as choluria—therefore, hepatitis and obstruction of the common bile duct cause choluric Jaundice, whereas the Jaundice of hemolytic anemia is referred to as acholuric. The laboratory results in patients with hepatitis are variable, depending on the extent of damage to parenchymal cells and the extent of micro-obstruction to bile ductules. Serum levels of ALT and AST are usually markedly elevated in hepatitis, whereas serum levels of alkaline phosphatase are elevated in obstructive liver disease. 

Good chemical stability Variable (depends on membrane) +... 

The original intensity of the radiation is defined as t. A part of the intensity is absorbed, another part is transmitted, still another part is scattered, and a part of the total intensity is refiected. The components, S and T, are processes which are independent of the wavelength (firequency) of the incident photons, whereeis R and A are primarily wavelength dependent. It is here that the factor of "color" arises. The exact amount of energy extracted from lo by each process is a complex set of variables depending upon the type and arrangement of atoms composing the solid. 

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