Cis-acting elements

Schiller, P., Amin, J., Ananthan, J., Brown, M.E., Scott, W.A., Voellmy, R. (1988). Cis acting elements involved in the regulated expression of human hsp70 gene. J. Mol. Biol. 203, 97-105. 

The cis-acting elements that decrease or repress the expression of specific genes have also been identified. Because fewet of these elements have been smdied, it is not possible to fotmulate genetalizations about their mechanism of action—though again, as for gene activation, chromatin level covalent modifications of histones and other proteins by (repressor)-recruited multisubunit corepressors have been imphcated. 

Bray, S. J., Johnson, W. A., Hirsh, J., Heberlein, U., and Tjian, R. (1988). A cis-acting element and associated binding factor required for CNS expression of the D. melanogaster dopa decarboxylase gene. EMBO J. 7 177-188. 

Ponnazhagan, S., and Kwon, B. S. (1992). A cis-acting element involved in mouse tyrosinase gene expression and partial purification of its binding protein. Pigment Cell Res. 5 155-161. 

Shibata, K Muraosa, Y.,Tomita, Y., Tagami, H and Shibahara, S. (1992). Identification of a cis-acting element that enhances the pigment cell-specific expression of the human tyrosinase gene. J. Biol. Chem. 267 20584-20588. 

ADH6 was discovered by nucleotide cross-hybridization, and has not yet been demonstrated as a functional protein. The mRNA is found in liver (both adult and fetal) and stomach. ADH6 has a fully functional promoter, active in both hepatoma cells and fibroblasts [37]. There are several positive cis-acting elements in the proximal promoter, several of which are bound by C/EBP. There is a compound cell-specific regulatory element about 2 kb upstream, that is a positive element in the hepatoma cells and a negative element in fibroblasts [23]. 

Two important cis-acting elements in the ALDH2 promoter have been studied. A site located from 79 to 116 bp upstream of the ATG initiating translation is bound by nuclear factor(s) present in all cells tested the CCAAT box in this region is important for transcriptional activity, and appears to be bound primarily by the transcription factor NF-Y/CP1 [46]. There is a site, approximately 300 bp upstream of the ATG, at which HNF-4 and retinoid X receptors can bind, as can the apolipoproteins regulatory protein (ARP-1) [47, 48]. Transcription from this promoter can be activated by HNF-4 and RXRs [47, 48]. 

Hur M-W, Edenberg HJ. Cell-specific function of cis-acting elements in the regulation of human alcohol dehydrogenase 5 gene expression and effect of the 5 -nontranslated region. J Biol Chem 1995 270 9002-9009. 

Operon. A group of contiguous genes that are coordinately regulated by two cis-acting elements A promoter and an operator. Found only in prokaryotic cells. 

Hartmann U, Sagasser M, Mehrtens F, Stracke R, Weisshaar B. 2005. Differential combinatorial interactions of cis-acting elements recognized by R2R3-MYB, BZIP, and BHLH factors control light-responsive and tissue specific activation of phenyl-propanoid biosynthesis genes. Plant Mol Biol 57 155-171. 

Kao C, Cocciolone SM, Vasil IK, McCarty DR. 1996. Localization and interaction of the cis-acting elements for abscissic acid, WIPAROUS1 and light activation of the Cl gene of maize. Plant Cell 8 1171-1179. 

Zolotukhin, A.S., Valentin, A., Pavlakis, G.N. and Felber, B.K. (1994) Continuous propagation of RRE(-) and Rev(-) RRE(-) human immunodeficiency virus type 1 molecular clones containing a cis-acting element of simian retrovirus type 1 in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. J. Virol, 68, 7944-7952. 

Neuhold LA, Shirayoshi Y, Ozato K, et al. 1989. Regulation of mouse CYP1A1 gene expression by dioxin requirements of two cis-acting elements during induction. Mol Cell Biol 9 2378-2386. 

Wyse, B. D., Linas, S. L., and Thekkumkara, T. J. 2000. Functional role of a novel cis-acting element (GAGA box) in human type-1 angiotensin II receptor gene transcription. J Mol Endocrinol 25 97-108. 

Fig. 4. Schematic representation of yeast one-hybrid transcription factor screening. C. roseus cDNAs were cloned in a fusion with the GAL4-activation domain (GAL4-AD) in yeast/E.coli shuttle vector pACTII. Yeast reporter strains carrying a tetramer of the cis-acting elements of interest (indicated in the figure with 4xbait) were transformed with the cDNA library and selected for transformation and reporter gene activation on medium lacking leucine and histidine, respectively...

It searches DNA for initiation sites, also called promoter sites or simply promoters. For instance, E. coli DNA has about 2000 promoter sites in its 4.8 x 10 bp genome. Because these sequences are on the same molecule of DNA as the genes being transcribed, they are called cis-acting elements. 

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