Future Analytical Needs

Adler E, Marton J (1959) Zur Kenntnis der Carbonylgruppen im Lignin I Acta Chem Scand 

Adler E, Marton J (1961) Carbonyl groups in lignin II Catalytic hydrogenation of model compounds containing aryl carbinol, aryl carbinol ether, ethylene and carbonyl groups Acta Chem Scand 15 357-369 

Erickson M, Larsson S, Miksche GE (1973a) Gas-chromatographische Analyse von Ligmnoxydationsprodukten VII Zur Struktur des Lignins der Fichte Acta Chem Scand 27 903-904 

Erickson O, Goring DAI, Lindgren BO (1980) Structural studies on the chemical bonds between lignins and carbohydrates in spruce wood Wood Sci Technol 14 267-279 Fengel D, Wegener G (1984a) Wood chemistry, ultrastructure, reactions Walter de Gruyter, New York, 49-53 

---

The development of miniaturized (microfabricated, microfluidic-based) analytical devices and their integration to create micro total analysis systems [1] is one of the directions that is being pursued to address future analytical needs. Microfluidic technologies allow the miniaturization of various functiOTial units, such as pumps, valves, and reactors, and make it possible to build novel integrated microsystems for various biological applicatimis. Microfluidics has been well recognized as a foreseeable enabling... 

Baglin, J.E.E., Davis, J.C., Gabella, P., Prozesky,V.M., Sie, S. (1998) Future analytical needs for industry and technology. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, 136-138, 35-41. 

Additionally, use of a commercial AI shell for expert system development has been demonstrated without the need to learn computer programming languages (C, Pascal, LISP or any of its variations), nor to have an intermediary knowledge engineer. Although this development effort of 4-5 man months was on a minicomputer, adaptation of EXMAT to the microcomputer version of TIMM is anticipated. The completed implementation of EXMAT will support the belief that AI combined with intelligent instrumentation can have a major impact on future analytical problem-solving. 

The advantages of point analyzers include a high level of analytical performance and a record of service that is unparalleled in some facets. StiU, the record or evidence is that drift tube refinements or developments of fast analytical devices based on IMS or DMS will be continued into the foreseeable future. The need for improvements in minimization of false positives, false negatives, and matrix interferences is a significant concern and innovations in inlet methods or improved analytical separation can be anticipated. Several questions about IMS loom on the horizon of application-technology as seen by the authors and these include ... 

Future investigation needs and stimulating research suggestions are submitted to the separation scientists community with the aim of advancing this exciting separative method and raising the level of interest in valuable and still unexplored analytical schemes. 

Expert systems planned for Risk Assistant will incorporate the logical structure and information from each of these two documents, and use a series of questions regarding the site and the goals of the modeling exercise to guide the user in selecting an appropriate transport model. Anticipated future developments of these systems will provide more extensive information to the user on the reasoning employed to match models to a user s analytical needs and resources. 

It is obvious that in spite of vast efforts being put forth on the development of various processes, the basic understanding needs further work. The areas of most importance are (a) analytical chemistry for the product distribution, (b) hydrogen transfer mechanism and (c) sophisticated lumped kinetic model. Future work needed for the reactor design is discussed by Shah and Gopal (106). 

Troponin has emerged as the biomarker of choice for diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with ACS. Optimum use of this biomarker requires improvements in the performance of analytical measurements made from the central laboratory, especially from POCT platforms. To meet the current and future chnical needs, troponin assays must be faster, more analytically sensitive, and more convenient from a standpoint of information transfer. This requires development of novel delivery and detection schemes, and approaches towards data connectivity. This real-world problem illustrates the need for cooperation between clinical laboratory science, biomedical engineering, and informational science. 

Even with the development of high-throughput analytical equipment, the discovery phase still requires a significant investment of time and resources. Future trends will likely focus on increasing the number of available dehydrogenases and cutting the time and effort needed to screen them. 

The advantage of the inverse calibration approach is that we do not have to know all the information on possible constituents, analytes of interest and inter-ferents alike. Nor do we need pure spectra, or enough calibration standards to determine those. The columns of C (and P) only refer to the analytes of interest. Thus, the method can work in principle when unknown chemical interferents are present. It is of utmost importance then that such interferents are present in the Ccdibration samples. A good prediction model can only be derived from calibration data that are representative for the samples to be measured in the future. 

Two challenging, but very difficult tasks have been tackled mainly or increasingly during the last two decades the certification of organometallic species and valency states of elements (see Section 3.3), and organic compounds (see Section 3.4). But doubtless this was just the beginning and a wealth of work waits in the future to serve all needs of the analytical community (Quevauviller and Maier 1999)-... 

Ihnat M (1995) Key analytes and matrices lacking in the CRM-System and future needs for CRMs. Fresenius J Anal Chem 352 5-6. 

The need for a number of specific analyte and matrix RMs can be identified. Ihnat (1995) gives a very extensive overview of these needs. Quevauviller (1999) has reported on more recent work, undertaken in Europe to study future demand for RMs. Both authors identify a number of common themes, which may be summarized as follows. 

Parr RM, Fajgelj A, Dekner R, Vera Ruiz H, Carvalho FP, and Povinec PP (1998) IAEA analytical quality assurance programs to meet the present and future needs of developing countries. Fresenius J Anal Chem 360 287-290. 

This book marks the conclusion of this strong period of development and is therefore a milestone in measurement science. As such, the field already has a history. But as history makes no sense without a future, the last Chapter of this book deals with expected further developments in terms of organization and needs. Between history and future the book presents, as a snap shot, the application of standards in analytical chemistry. The perspective of Quality Assurance is never forgotten. 

Another subset of SPE is immunoaffinity extraction, in which an antibody specific to the analyte is incorporated into the SPE sorbent. This technique is very selective to the analyte and would be very effective in separating the marker residue from tissue-related matrix components. Disadvantages of immunoaffinity extraction are the need to develop a specific antibody-based SPE for each analyte. This approach holds promise for the future as the development of antibody-based methods becomes more commonplace. 

In preceding chapters we have indicated which tools are nowadays being used routinely or currently are under development. General trends are higher sensitivity, more information, and faster and further automation. Automatic analyses are nice (sample in, report out), but interactive analysis tools are better. It is not realistic to expect the need for more analyses. Some future needs are more reliable quantitation, reference materials and simplification of data management. A particular problem in additive analysis concerns accuracy and traceability. In many cases, extractable rather than total concentration is determined. There are still many quantitative analytical methods waiting to be developed. It is here that the field will advance. Table 10.31 lists some proposed (r)evolutionary developments in polymer/additive analysis. 

The analysis of environmental TPs has become a major trend in environmental chemistry, and increasingly, researchers are taking this a step further in proposing complex transformation pathways. It is expected to see a gradual shift from parent compound analysis to the analysis of metabolites and TPs. It is evident that more research is needed to determine the breakdown pathways and to evaluate the fate of TPs. Therefore, development of future generic analytical protocols should permit the simultaneous determination of parent compounds and their metabolites. 

---