Future Needs and Unanswered Questions

Of the numerous questions that remain, the most prominent is how clinicians will interpret a positive IMA finding. The positive predictive value of the ACB test seems to be too low for use in ruling in ischemia, a use that clinicians hope the laboratory could provide. It is not known whether patients with negative ECG and necrosis markers (cardiac troponin) and a 

There is a continued need to improve the clinical and analytical evidence base of IMA to substantiate its clinical use in diagnostics and outcomes assessment. The search for a marker, whether IMA or another marker that establishes an evidence base, that would effectively rule in as well as rule out early cardiac ischemia continues. The ACB test has barely begun the exploration of the exciting challenges and discoveries that lie ahead in assisting clinicians in the early detection of myocardial ischemia to assist and improve patient triage, therapy, and management. 

Apple has received research funding and honorarium and expenses for consulting from Ischemia Technologies. 

HUMAN TISSUE KALUKREINS FROM GENE STRUCTURE TO FUNCTION AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 

George M. Yousef, 1 Christina V. Obiezu, 1 Liu-Ying Luo, 1 Angeliki Magklara, Carla A. Borgono, 1 Tadaaki Kishi, Nader Memari, lacovos P. Michael, 1 Michael Sidiropoulos, 1 Lisa Kurlender, 1 Katerina Economopolou, 1 Carl Kapadia, 1 Nahoko Komatsu, Constantino Petraki, Marc Elliott, Andreas Scorilas, Dionyssios Katsaros,11 Michael A. Levesque, and Eleftherios P. Diamandis 1 

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