Future research needs

Future research needs to exploit the full potential of aminotransferases are in the 

1) Substrate specificity Isolation of transaminases from a variety of organisms and development of methods to produce these enzymes in large quantities may allow substrate specificity to be improved. In addition, the range of substrates that are amenable to transamination may be increased by isolating organisms using rational isolation methods. 

2) Improvement of reaction yields by elimination of product ketone and/or amine. 

3) Process scale-up. Improvements in methods to scale-up reactions, separate biomass, and isolate product amine from the reaction mixture will allow improved cost structure to the biotransformation process. 

4) Computer-aided design of aminotransferases by homology modeling and rational design. 

Animal welfare is important to organic farmers, to consumers of organic products and not least to organic animals, and thus it is important to be able to guarantee the welfare of organically produced animals, but further research on such production systems is needed. 

Vaarst, M. and Kristensen, E.S. 2001. Does organic farming face distinctive livestock welfare issues - A conceptual analysis. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 14 275-299. 

AMS-USDA. 2000. National Organic Programme Pinal Rule. Agricultural Marketing Service 

Department of Agriculture. 7 CFR Part 205. Federal Register, December 21, 2000, 80548- 

Agricultural Marketing Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 

Genetically engineered traits are being introduced into new crops (e.g. alfalfa and strawberries) and new GM events (traits), which may have a greater impact on human health (e.g. pharmaceutical traits) and the environment (e.g. drought tolerance and plant made industrial products) are being developed. 

Finally, the previous sections have discussed the methodology used to perform finite element prediction of the fatigue life of Sn-Ag-Cu solder joints in an accelerated test environment. The determination of the acceleration factor between accelerated test and product environments is an equally important component of the accelerated testing philosophy. For traditional high-lead solder interconnects, this has been performed with the Norris-Landzberg equation. 

The appeal of the Norris-Landzberg equation is that finite element calculations are not performed in relating accelerated test results to service lifetimes. A similar equation is needed for the Sn-Ag-Cu solder alloy. Extensive test data was published (Ref 60) that may be used in beginning to explore the development of a Norris-Landzburg type equation for the Sn-Ag-Cu alloy further test work is suggested to cover the time and temperature spaces seen in product conditions. 

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Automotive applications of chemical reaction engineering future research needs... 

In this paper, we first briefly describe both the single-channel 1-D model and the more comprehensive 3-D model, with particular emphasis on the comparison of the features included and their capabilities/limitations. We then discuss some examples of model applications to illustrate how the monolith models can be used to provide guidance in emission control system design and implementation. This will be followed by brief discussion of future research needs and directions in catalytic converter modeling, including the development of elementary reaction step-based kinetic models. 

However, some areas of future research need to be highlighted (1) noble metal-based formulations which do not form N20, (2) novel catalyst formulations which decompose/reduce N20 below 300°C, (3) on-board routes to form oxygenated reductants, (4) NTP technologies, (5) maintain catalyst within peak operating temperature window and (6) techniques for storing NO, emissions during cool exhaust conditions followed by re-injection of the stored NO when the catalyst has achieved light-off conditions. There is already an active research on these topics, but a further intensification would be necessary. 

Although extensive work has been done, future research needs to look into some of the following aspects ... 

Adkinson, Jr., N.F. et al., Task force report future research needs for the prevention and management of immune-mediated drug hypersensitivity reactions, J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 109, S461, 2002. 

Shafer TJ, Meyer DA, Crofton KM (2005) Developmental neurotoxicity of pyrethroid insecticides critical review and future research needs. Environ Health Perspect 113 123-136... 

The most important future research needs are as follows ... 

Wassmann R, Lantin RS, Neue HU, Buendia LV, Gorton TM, Lu Y. 2000c. Characterization of methane emissions from rice fields in Asia. 111. Mitigation options and future research needs. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 58 23-36. 

The review is organized as follows. Section 2 defines a systematic framework for fuel cell modeling research, called computational fuel cell dynamics (CFCD), and outlines its four essential elements. Sections 3—5 review work performed in the past decade on PEFCs, DMFCs, and SOFCs, respectively. Future research needs and directions of the three types of fuel cells are pointed out wherever applicable and summarized separately at the end of each section. 

The theoretical basis of light-induced antimicrobial treatment is described, followed by examples of its application for the cleaning and disinfection of surfaces. All available information supports the idea that PDT could offer a very efficient and cost-effective way to combat microbial contamination of foods. The advantages and pit-falls of the technique are discussed. Directions of future research needed for bringing the technology to commercial reality are identified. 

Schuetzle, D W. O. Siegl, T. E. Jensen, M. A. Dearth, E. W. Kaiser, R. Gorse, W. Kreucher, and E. Kulik, The Relationship between Gasoline Composition and Vehicle Hydrocarbon Emissions—A Review of Current Studies and Future Research Needs, Environ. Health Perspec., 102, 3-12 (1994). 

Future research needs include development and evaluation of ... 

Hering, B. J., Browatzki, C. C., Schultz, A., Bretzel, R. G. and Federlin, K. F. (1993). Clinical islet transplantation—registry report, accomplishments in the past and future research needs. Cell Transplant. 2, 269-282. 

Assessors should base their selection of methods on clearly defined decision criteria, and they need to communicate the results using clear and transparent language. This includes statements on the extrapolation issues that were considered but not addressed, and the magnitude and direction of the bias that may have been introduced by the extrapolation or lack thereof. In lower tiers and prospective risk assessment, this should lead to setting more appropriate UFs and ensure that lower tier approaches are more conservative than higher tier approaches. All this helps assessors to make informed decisions, on one hand, but it also allows the identification of future research needs, on the other hand, especially when methods are not available. 

Throughout the workshop presentations and discussions, several participants made suggestions for future research needs and pointed out the funding challenges involved. Participants also identified ways to improve education and training in the area of bioinspired chemistry for energy. This chapter highlights those key points. 

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