Sales, value

In the Table 2 presented the actual conventional distribution of different physic diagnostic methods relative to the solution of this or that task of technogenic, social-economic, ecological and medical safety. In the table the relative average sales values of corresponding technique in the world is presented as well. 

Although a tremendous number of fermentation processes have been researched and developed to various extents, only a couple of hundred ate used commercially. Fermentation industries have continued to expand in terms of the number of new products on the market, the total volume (capacity), and the total sales value of the products. The early 1990s U.S. market for fermentation products was estimated to be in the 9-10 x 10 range. The total world market is probably three times that figure, and antibiotics continue to comprise a primary share of the industry. Other principal product categories are enzymes, several organic acids, baker s yeast, ethanol (qv), vitamins (qv), and steroid hormones (qv). 

Year Production Sales Value, 10 Average unit value, /kg... 

Economic Aspects and Uses. Production and sales values for high purity sodium hydrosulfide are Hsted ia Table 1. These figures exclude the low purity material produced by oil refiners, beHeved to be sold primarily to pulp mills. Estimates of uses of NaHS ia the United States for 1994 are as shown (3,4) ... 

Many benzenoid quaternary cationic surfactants possess germicidal, fungicidal, or algicidal activity. Solutions of such compounds, alone or in combination with nonionic surfactants, are used as detergent sanitizers in hospital maintenance. Classified as biocidal products, their labeling is regulated by the U.S. EPA. The 1993 U.S. shipments of cationic surfactants represented 16% of the total sales value of surfactant production. Some of this production is used for the preparation of more highly substituted derivatives (101). 

Total U.S. surfactant shipments ia 1993 were almost - 5 x 10 kg with a sales value of 3.5 x 10 , a 3% iacrease over 1992 (110). Adjusted for inflation, the actual growth was about 2%, iadicative of a mature market. Nonetheless, the market has changed and will continue to do so, as evidenced by the iatroduction of alkylpolyglucosides, alkylglucosamides, and ester quaternaries ia the 1990s, and by iatense patent activity. Over the three-year period from 1992 to 1994, 1500 world patents were filed for cleaning products, 33% of which dealt with surfactants (63). 

Many chemical companies also place into the technical service function the responsibiHty for the generation of a wide variety of printed materials containing customer-oriented information. These may range from a simple one-page technical specification handout to lengthy publications on appHcation tips and recommendations for a broad range of uses (14). The sales value of such materials, when weU prepared, is quite high. Most firms provide such... 

Statistics for the production of basic dyes include those products hsted as cationic dyes, eg, cyanines, for dyeing polyacrylonitrile fibers and the classical triaryhnethane dyes, eg, malachite green, for coloring paper and other office apphcations (2,53). Moreover, statistics for triaryhnethane dyes are also hidden in the production figures for acid, solvent, mordant, and food dyes, and also organic pigments. Between 1975 and 1984, the aimual production of basic dyes in the United States varied from 5000—7700 t. However, from 1985—1990, aimual production of basic dyes varied from 5000—5700 t, and the annual sales value increased from 56 to 73 million per year. 

Natural gas with H2S or other sulfur compounds present is called sour gas, while gas with only CO2 is called sweet. Both H2S and CO2 are undesirable, as they cause corrosion and reduce the heating value and thus the sales value of the gas. In addition, H2S may be lethal in very small quantities. Table 7-1 shows physiological effects of H2S concentrations in air. 

Factoring. Usually applied to sales invoices (effectively, the debtors). Specialist finance houses provide a service whereby the company is paid promptly a percentage of its sales value for a period and the finance house then collects the full amount from the debtor. 

Most products will keep longer and fresher in the frozen condition, and this process is used for those whose sale value will support the extra process cost. 

There are no indications, or only vague ones, of the size of the various battery separator markets in the literature 131. A rough estimate can be deduced from the sales figures for battery systems by a rule of thumb the sales value of separators is roughly 2-5% of the sales for the battery producers. Even the data for battery markets are not uniformly gathered, however, and contain considerable uncertainties. 

The total sales value for battery systems worldwide in 1997 may amount to US 25.5 billion and the sales value for battery separators correspondingly to US 600 million Table 1 gives an estimate of the work battery market, split according to the different battery systems. 

Product (Company) Product description (use) Annual sales value (US, billions)... 

Table 4.6 The main product categories (and annual sales value) that the FDA regulate...

The chemical industry is one of the largest global industries with an annual sales value of 1,776 billion in 2005. The chemical industry in Europe counts for 2.5% within 24.5% overall industry contribution to the total GDP in the EU 15. Traditionally important markets for the chemical industry are Europe and the United States counting for 60% of global sales value in 2004 as shown in fig. 31 (CEFIC 2005). 

The sales value index represents spot and contract sales net turnovers. 

The regional optimization is focused on sales values and remaining regional sales decisions that have to be taken in the regions. The regional objective function does not intend to reflect the company s profit and loss situation as completely as possible being already done on global level. Therefore, contract sales are also excluded from the model, since they are already decided in the fixed contracts. 

The monopolar option utilised 399 V (including bus bar losses) so an extra 16 electrolysers can be added to the circuit making an extra 28 000 tonnes per year of caustic or US 7million extra sales value (at US 250 per ECU). The bipolar option utilised only 360 V on each electrolyser so an extra 28 anodes could be added, manufacturing an extra 50 000 tonnes per year (Fig. 15.13). At US 250 per ECU, this yields an additional US 12.5 million of revenue. 

If a liquefaction efficiency of 97% is assumed, the hypothetical 600 tpd plant will lose 18 tpd to tail gas. It is also assumed that the tail gas is diverted to production of sodium hypochlorite bleach with a sales value of US 50 per ton of chlorine equivalent, while the chlorine feeding the EDC unit has a value of US 180 per ton. The lost chlorine will cost the producer more than US 800 000 per year. Even this figure ignores the facts that an equivalent quantity of caustic soda is consumed and that there will be a marketing cost associated with the bleach product. 

A number of clinical circumstances have been identified which are characterized by an often profoundly depressed rate of erythropoiesis (Table 6.7). Many, if not all, such conditions could be/are responsive to administration of exogenous EPO. The prevalence of anaemia, and the medical complications which ensue, prompts tremendous therapeutic interest in this haemopoietic growth factor. EPO has been approved for use to treat various forms of anaemia (Table 6.8). It was the first therapeutic protein produced by genetic engineering, whose annual sales value topped 1 billion. Its current annual sales value is now close to 2 billion. EPO used therapeutically is produced by recombinant means in CHO cells. 

Enzymes sales are estimated to be about 10 /a world-wide. Biocatalysts are subject to a derived-demand arising from the industrial applications in which they are used, for processing raw materials to products that can be sold in their own right. Therefore the commercial importance of biocatalysts is very much greater than these sales of enzymes would indicate. Such sales values are really only of importance to enzyme manufacturer companies. Biocatalysts enable the value of raw materials to be enhanced considerably and the cost of the biocatalyst often represents only a few percent of the final value of product and the total processing costs (Table 13.2). Also, simple enzyme sales values do not include the enzymes that are made and used in-house, as occurs both for many... 

Sale value of pyruvic acid assumed equal to recovery cost. 

Global agrochemical sales rose by 11.9% to US 28965 million at end-user level in 1995. When this figure is discounted for the effects of inflation and currency fluctuations, growth, in real terms, is estimated to be 4.3% over 1994. This is the second year where real increases in sales value have been recorded (1994 sales were 5.1% higher than 1993 figures).9... 

Excess oils and hydrocarbons in the sulfur plant feed can readily darken the sulfur, minimizing its sales value. Ammonia can cause fouling of the Claus catalyst beds. Cyanides have a tendency to polymerize, causing significant problems with the formation of Prussian blue. Organic forms of sulfur are not so readily reacted in low-temperature Claus beds and may cause problems in achieving the desired sulfur plant efficiency. Addi-... 

Once a distributor purchases an excipient from a maker, that excipient only gains sales value and the potential to recover the cost of purchasing and marketing it when a user actually places an order for it. Bringing in large amounts of inventory without standing or blanket orders from users can place strain on the cash flow of a distributor. 

The increment size of the prime mover, starting loads, and sales value of fuel gas must be taken into consideration. Space/weight consideration determines whether individual gas-turbine drivers or a central power-generation station will be more economical. 

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