Future needs and directions

Strategies used in biological control, its safety and barriers for development 2. Research opportunities for biological herbicides in weed control and selection of improved strains of biological control agents and 3. Future needs and direction in biological control of weeds. 

Several of the review papers referenced at the end of this chapter point out the future needs and directions of research in process synthesis. Some of the recommendations for areas for further work in separation processes are summarized below ... 

In this paper, we first briefly describe both the single-channel 1-D model and the more comprehensive 3-D model, with particular emphasis on the comparison of the features included and their capabilities/limitations. We then discuss some examples of model applications to illustrate how the monolith models can be used to provide guidance in emission control system design and implementation. This will be followed by brief discussion of future research needs and directions in catalytic converter modeling, including the development of elementary reaction step-based kinetic models. 

The review is organized as follows. Section 2 defines a systematic framework for fuel cell modeling research, called computational fuel cell dynamics (CFCD), and outlines its four essential elements. Sections 3—5 review work performed in the past decade on PEFCs, DMFCs, and SOFCs, respectively. Future research needs and directions of the three types of fuel cells are pointed out wherever applicable and summarized separately at the end of each section. 

Although industrial interest in the synthesis of acetonitrile directly from C2 hydrocarbons is currently limited, with acetonitrile being mainly produced as a byproduct in acrylonitrile production, there are a number of indications regarding the future need of direct production of acetonitrile by C2 hydrocarbon (ethane, in particular) ammoxidation. In fact, acetonitrile is used as a solvent and also as an intermediate in the production of many chemicals, ranging from pesticides to perfumes. Production trends for acetonitrile generally follow those of acrylonitrile, but the growth rate for acetonitrile use is higher than that of acrylonitrile. The four... 

It is imperative that the federal government diminish its role in R D activity not directly related to national defense. The concepts of free enterprise apply to science and technology as much as to other aspects of the economy. When the government controls such a major portion of the R D effort, it also controls the decisions, the priorities, and the people. In order for the United States to resume its position as the world leader in Science and technology, government must allow private concerns to explore whatever areas of science they feel are appropriate and worthwhile. Each individual sponsor of research should be able to determine priorities in accord with future needs and consumer demand. 

This chapter details the technical procedures used to prepare and analyze lake sediment samples for cellulose carbon and oxygen isotope composition, considers important factors in the interpretation of cellulose isotope data, briefly highlights key results from recent applications, and outlines future research needs and directions. 

In the case of oxidative carbonylation reactions, air or other gxeen oxidants should be applied more often in these reactions, especially in the industrially relevant direct carbonylation of arenes. For the more functionalized substrates which are interesting in organic synthesis, more selective catalyst systems are needed and directing groups might be omitted in the future. 

Future needs in support of model validation and performance testing must continue to be in the area of coordinated, well-designed field data collection programs supplemented with directed research on specific topics. The FAT workshop produced a listing of the field data collection and research needs for the air, streams/lakes/estuaries, and runoff/unsaturated/saturated soil media categories, as follows ... 

Steer CR. Managing attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder unmet needs and future directions. Arch Dis Child 2005 90(Supplement 1) 19-25. 

This overview will attempt to outline the state of current knowledge, without much comment on the areas in which further research is needed, the direction the field is taking, and the impact of the other chapters in this book. These are reserved for the Future Perspectives Chapter (last chapter of the book). 

The papers in this volume are the authors own versions of their presentations. The discussion comments were taken from a transcript of the workshop. In accordance with the policies of the CSR, the workshop did not attempt to establish any conclusions or recommendations about needs and future directions, focusing instead on issues identified by the speakers. 

The book concludes with perspectives on future trends and some thoughts on the future direction of LC/MS applications in the pharmaceutical industry. New standards of analytical performance are discussed with regard to throughput and capacity. A prospective look at how higher standards of analytical performance in the pharmaceutical industry will effect relationships with academia and instrument manufacturers is featured. These sections extend the initial thesis of accelerated development to include new analysis bottlenecks and perspectives on analysis issues and industry needs. 

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