Antimony trichloride

Antimony is oxidized directly to antimony trioxide (Sb203), a flame retardant. Nonrubber Uses 

Antimony is used as a hardener for lead. Therefore it is used in storage batteries and cable sheaths. It is also used in solder and bearing alloys. It is even used in semiconductor technology. 

Hydrogen Production process for Sulfide Gas antimony trichloride 

Alfa Aesar-Johnson Matthey Chemical and Metal Industries 

Antimony chloride reacts with ammonium hydroxide to yield antimony trioxide, a very important flame retardant used by the rubber industry. 

Antimony Trichloride from Stibnite, SbCl3 (by-product antimony oxychloride) 

Native antimony sulphide (stibnite) dissolves quite readily in hydrochloric acid, yielding antimony trichloride, 

If the solution so obtained is distilled, steam and hydrochloric acid pass off at first, later a mixture of hydrochloric acid and antimony trichloride, and finally pure antimony trichloride. 

Antimony trichloride hydrolyzes with a moderate amount of water, giving a precipitate according to the reactions 

The product obtained in this preparation by mixing the next to the last distillates with a considerable amount of water has the latter composition. This compound, however, if repeatedly boiled with fresh portions of water may be made to undergo complete hydrolysis, leaving finally only Sb203. 

Evans et al. showed that the initial rate of conversion of the linear dimer of 1,1-diphenylethylene into an equilibrium mixture of monomer and dimer (D), catalised by the pair SbCl3—HCl in benzene follows the kinetic law  

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The formation of antimony trichloride from antimony oxychloride has been described by two different mechanisms. One asserts that formation is via a thermal disproportionation as described in equations 3—6 (12). 

Vapor-Phase Mechanisms. Phosphoms flame retardants can also exert vapor-phase flame-retardant action. Trimethyl phosphate [512-56-1] C H O P, retards the velocity of a methane—oxygen flame with about the same molar efficiency as antimony trichloride (30,31). Both physical and chemical vapor-phase mechanisms have been proposed for the flame-retardant action of certain phosphoms compounds. Physical (endothermic) modes of action have been shown to be of dominant importance in the flame-retardant action of a wide range of non-phosphoms-containing volatile compounds (32). 

In the days of alchemy and the phlogiston theory, no system of nomenclature that would be considered logical ia the 1990s was possible. Names were not based on composition, but on historical association, eg, Glauber s salt for sodium sulfate decahydrate and Epsom salt for magnesium sulfate physical characteristics, eg, spirit of wiae for ethanol, oil of vitriol for sulfuric acid, butter of antimony for antimony trichloride, Hver of sulfur for potassium sulfide, and cream of tartar for potassium hydrogen tartrate or physiological behavior, eg, caustic soda for sodium hydroxide. Some of these common or trivial names persist, especially ia the nonchemical Hterature. Such names were a necessity at the time they were iatroduced because the concept of molecular stmcture had not been developed, and even elemental composition was incomplete or iadeterminate for many substances. 

With the exception of the soHd methoxide [19727-40-3], the lower antimony trialkoxides are colorless or slightly colored distillable Hquids, easily hydroly2ed. Thermally these alkoxides are rather stable. The lower antimony trialkoxides are manufactured from antimony trichloride, the higher from antimony trioxide, both on a small scale. They are used in polyester manufacture, in fireproofing, as catalysts, and for coatings. For further information about antimony trialkoxides, see references 21, 65, 98. 

In a batch process (176), a glass-lined jacketed iron vessel is charged with either sulfur monochloride or sulfur dichloride and about 1% of antimony trichloride as a catalyst. Chlorine is introduced into the reactor near the bottom. Liquid oleum is added to the reactor at such a rate that the temperature of the reaction mass is held at ca 25°C by the use of cooling water in the jacket. 

The irradiation of calciferol in the presence of iodine leads to the formation of 5,6-/n7 j -vitaniin D2 [14449-19-5] (31) or [22350 1-0] (32) (67,68). 5,6-/ra j -Vitainin D as well as vitamin D (2) or (4) can be converted to isovitamin D by treatment with mineral or Lewis acids. Isocalciferol (35) [469-05-6] or (36) [42607-12-5] also forms upon heating of 5,6-/ -vitamin D. Isotachysterol (33) [469-06-7] or (34) [22350-43-2] forms from isocalciferol or vitamin D upon treatment with acid, and its production appears to be the result of sequential formation of trans- and isocalciferol from calciferol. These reactions are the basis of the antimony trichloride test for vitamin D (69—72). 

The standard chemical and biological methods of analysis are those accepted by the JnitedStates Pharmacopeia XXIII as well as the ones accepted by the AO AC in 1995 (81—84). The USP method involves saponification of the sample (dry concentrate, premix, powder, capsule, tablet, or aqueous suspension) with aqueous alcohoHc KOH solvent extraction solvent removal chromatographic separation of vitamin D from extraneous ingredients and colormetric deterrnination with antimony trichloride and comparison with a solution of USP cholecalciferol reference standard. 

The AO AC (978.42) recognizes a similar procedure, except that the unsap onitiable material is treated with maleic anhydride to remove the trans-isomer which may possibly be present (83). The antimony trichloride colorimetric assay is performed on the trans-isomer-free material. This procedure cannot be used to distinguish certain inactive isomers, eg, isotachysterol if present, these are included in the result, giving rise to a falsely high analysis. A test must therefore be performed to check for the presence of isotachysterol. 

Parameter Antimony trifluoride Antimony trichloride Antimony tribromide Antimony ttiiodide Antimony pentafluoride Antimony pentachloride... 

Antimony Trichloride. Antimony(Ill) chloride [10025-91-9] SbQ3, is a colorless, crystalline soHd, readily soluble in hydrochloric acid water, ca 9% at 25°C, increasing with temperature CHQ3, 22% CQ, 13% benzene CS2 and dioxane. 

Antimony trichloride is used as a catalyst or as a component of catalysts to effect polymerisation of hydrocarbons and to chlorinate olefins. It is also used in hydrocracking of coal (qv) and heavy hydrocarbons (qv), as an analytic reagent for chloral, aromatic hydrocarbons, and vitamin A, and in the microscopic identification of dmgs. Liquid SbCl is used as a nonaqueous solvent. 

The reaction of toluene-3,4-dithiol(3,4-dimercaptotoluene) and antimony trichloride ia acetone yields a yeUow soHd Sb2(tdt)2, where tdt is the toluene-3,4-dithiolate anionic ligand (51). With the disodium salt of maleonitnledithiol ((Z)-dimercapto-2-butenedinitrile), antimony trichloride gives the complex ion [Sb(mnt)2] , where mat is the maleonitnledithiolate anionic ligand. This complex has been isolated as a yeUow, crystalline, tetraethyl ammonium salt. The stmctures of these antimony dithiolate complexes have apparendy not been unambiguously determiaed. 

The alkylation can also be accompHshed using tetraalkyltin compounds. Alkyldiiodostibines are formed in about 20% yield via the interaction of alkylmagnesium iodides and antimony trichloride (67). Dialkylchlorostibines are obtained in good yields by the cleavage of tetraalkyldistibines using sulfuryl chloride (91) ... 

The interaction of triarylstibines and antimony trichloride or tribromide is a convenient and efficient method for preparing aryldihalo- and diaryUialostibines (104,107,108) ... 

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