Direct manipulation

Though the hydrosphere continues to operate in response to the same forces it always has, humans have had an unmistakable role in altering some of its balances. In general, these impacts have had relatively little effect on the overall global water balance, and there is little chance that direct manipulation of the hydrosphere will alter water storage and cycling on a global basis. 

To this point, direct human impacts on the hydrosphere have remained restricted to the regional scale. Although they can still be important, particularly in terms of water supply, these direct manipulations of the hydrologic cycle are unlikely to affect the global water balance significantly. However, this is not to suggest that the global water cycle is immune to human influence its close ties to other physical and... 

To fully exploit the nanoscopic properties of materials, for example, in catalysis, this structure size is much too large since it corresponds to a regime where the bulk properties of materials still dominate. An alternative approach can be the patterning of a surface by direct manipulation of atoms or molecules with the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) [8], which has been successfully employed in the past... 

However, realise that the GUI may change quite dramatically, from a traditional win-dow/dialog-box approach, to direct manipulation, to a voice-driven command interface. We would like to specify the main functions on the system independent of the interface mechanisms used to use those functions. 

Changes in steam flow are achieved by increasing or decreasing the area used for condensing steam in the reboiler. This variable-area flooded reboiler is used in some processes because it permits the use of lower-pressure steam. However, as you will show in your calculations (I hope), the dynamic performance of this configuration is distinctly poorer than direct manipulation of steam flow. 

The number of inputs which are available for controlling crystallisation processes is limited. Possible Inputs for a continuous evaporative crystallisation process are, crystalliser temperature, residence time and rate of evaporation. These Inputs affect the crystal size distribution (CSD) through overall changes in the nucleatlon rate, the number of new crystals per unit time, and the growth rate, the increase in linear size per unit time, and therefore do not discriminate directly with respect to size. Moreover, it has been observed that, for a 970 litre continuous crystalliser, the effect of the residence time and the production rate is limited. Size classification, on the other hand, does allow direct manipulation of the CSD. 

Acetyl Peroxide-Carbonyl-I80. Acetyl peroxide-lsO was prepared by a modification of the usual procedure (16). An apparatus was devised to allow purification of the peroxide by remote manipulation of stopcocks and valves controlling nitrogen pressure. Recrystallization, filtration, and the addition of fresh solvent were accomplished without exposing the experimenter to the hazard of direct manipulation of crystalline acetyl peroxide. 

Strains Derived from Direct Manipulations of the Genetic Background... 

Direct Manipulation of DA Synaptic Substrates to Achieve DA Substitution Pharmacotherapy... 

There have been very few methods that establish the surface concentrations by directly manipulating the bulk solution concentrations. Essentially, the only technique that still employs this method is the faradaic impedance method, which will be discussed below. 

The directed manipulation of intermolecular interactions (hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, metal coordination) gives access to a supramolecular engineering of molecular assemblies and of polymers (see, for instance, [7.10-7.13, 7.44, 9.142, 9.157, 9.161-9.163]) through the design of instructed monomeric and polymeric species. It leads to the development of a supramolecular materials chemistry (see Section 9.8). 

The effects of variation in DOM concentration and/or composition can be examined via comparative studies of systems known (or suspected) to vary in the type of DOM being supplied or by direct manipulation (usually addition) of specific dissolved compounds. 

Shelby, J.P., Mutch, S.A., Chiu, D.T., Direct manipulation and observation of the rotational motion of single optically trapped microparticles and biological cells... 

Figure 5.1. The interplay between time and adaptational options occurs in human as well as in animal evolution of physiological systems. The acute and acclimation effects on human hypoxia response physiology can be readily evaluated. However, adaptations requiring generations of time of course cannot be studied by direct manipulations in humans. All workers in this area therefore rely upon comparing human lineages adapted to hypobaric hypoxia in different regions of the world and for different time periods. Two such groups that have extensively studied in this manner are Quechuas and Aymaras from the Andes, and Sherpas and Tibetans from the Himalayas. See chapter 1 for further discussion of time and adaptation options.

Sometimes, though, it is possible to use conversion to graphic formats to display all properties of a structure, especially three-dimensional structures. Even though it is possible to create two-dimensional renderings of such structures and even provide a stereo-view, three-dimensional structures are best visualized by direct manipulation, such as rotation and magnification. These features cannot be provided by simple bitmap graphics. 

Solvent Effects. From an entropic point of view, solvation is one of the most readily maneuverable environmental factors that directly manipulates the freedom of the relevant transition state. However, essentially no solvent effect upon product ee was observed in the photoisomerization of 47 sensitized by benzenepolycarboxylates 45, 46, and 48-53 with a variety of chiral (ar)alkyl groups a-n and p-u (Scheme 6). 

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