Industrial formulation

Amine oxides used in industry are prepared by oxidation of tertiary amines with hydrogen peroxide solution using either water or water and alcohol solution as a solvent. A typical industrial formulation is as follows ... 

This chapter deals with sodium a-olefinsulfonate (AOS) and with sodium internal olefmsulfonate (IOS). AOS is a well-established product and is being applied in many household and industrial formulations. IOS of a sufficiently high quality has only recently been made on laboratory scale and pilot plant scale and has not yet been applied in commercial formulations. AOS and IOS have not only good wetting and detergency properties, but also good tolerance toward water hardness ions, a combination not always observed for other anionic surfactants. 

In the characterization of alkyd resin formulations the palmitic acid to stearic acid (P/S) ratio, often used to identify the type of oil in a binder, cannot be applied as many different oils other than the traditional ones are commonly employed in industrial formulations. Moreover, they are often in mixtures, with the additional complication that fatty acids are also sometime added to the vegetable oils, thus making it impossible to rely on measured P/S values. In any case it is important to always derivatize the samples if Py-GC/MS is used and an alkyd is suspected. Phthalic anhydride will be detected also in an underivatized alkyd pyrogram however, isophthalic acid will not, leading to confusion and the possibility of uncorrected identification [92]. 

Bronopol (Myacide AS) is a potent antibacterial agent with some activity against yeasts. It was developed originally by the Boots Company in the UK as a preservative for cosmetics and toiletry products and has been used extensively in these areas since the 1970s. More recently it has been adopted in industrial formulation systems due to its low use concentrations and good compatibility... 

Official Properties. The International Association for Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS), an association of national committees that maintains the official standard properties of steam and water for power cycle use, maintains two formulations of the properties of water and steam. The first is an industrial formulation, the official properties for the calculation of steam power plant cycles. This formulation is appropriate from 0.001 to 100 MPa (0.12-1450 psia) and from 0 to 800 C (32-1472 F) and also from 0.001 to 10 MPa (0.12-145 psia) between 800 and 2000°C (1472 3632 F). This formulation is used in the design of steam turbines and power cycles. IAPWS maintains a second formulation of the properties of water and steam for scientific and general use from 0.01 MPa (extrapolating to ideal gas) at O C (1.45 psia at 32 F) to the highest temperatures and pressures for which reliable information is available. 

There are several theoretical models to estimate the solubility of a solute in a solvent. However, use of dielectric constant is one of the oldest and simplest approach and is very popular with the formulators. Fractional method to estimate the dielectric constant is the simplest approach and is not the most accurate. However, it offers a good starting point for the estimation. In addition, the solubility of a solute is dependent on the dielectric constant of a solvent mixture and not to the particular composition. Other approaches, such as solubility parameter method and UNIFAC group theory contributions are less frequently used by industry formulators. 

The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, 1997, IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam, Erlangen, Germany. 

Understanding the relationship between the composition of a mixture and its properties is fundamental to the development of formulated products. In the pesticide industry, formulation chemists seek to translate such an understanding into products that meet criteria established for properties such as suspensibility, emulsibility, storage stability, compatibility, and most importantly, biological activity. The preferable way to acquire the necessary knowledge is to deduce the properties of mixtures in terms of mechanisms that are operative at the microscopic level. However, mixtures are extremely complex systems and the available theory is usually insufficient for developing useful theoretical models. For example, we are unable quantitatively to predict, on the basis of molecular theory, the suspensibility of a wettable powder from a knowledge of its composition. 

Aprea, C., G. Sciarra, P. Sartorelli, R. Mancini and V. Di Luca (1998). Environmental and biological monitoring for mancozeb, ethylenethiourea and dimethoate during industrial formulation, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 53, 263-281. 

It is interesting to note that the production of the unsaturated derivative (234) and amine by deamination may be applied, for example, to the preparation of vinyl compounds for use as monomers in polymerization reactions and also to industrial formulations requiring alkaline catalysis. " ... 

With many industrial formulations, surfactants of different kinds are mixed together, for example anionics and nonionics. The nonionic surfactant molecules shield the repulsion between the negative head groups in the micelle, and consequently there will be a net interaction between the two types of molecules. Another example is the case when anionic and cationic surfactants are mixed, whereby a very strong interaction will take place between the oppositely charged surfactant molecules. To account for this interaction. Equation (3.25) must be modified by introducing activity coefficients of the surfactants,/j" and/2 in the micelle. 

Bio-Terge . [Stepan Stepan Eun ] CMefin sulfonates detergent foaming agent for personal care, commetcial and industrial formulations. 

Hampfoam. [WR.. Grace/Organics] Car-boxylatad fatty amide sodium salt surfactant for alkaline industrial formulations. 

HartopoU P art Chem. Ltd.] Polyoxy-alkylene glycol dispersant demulsifier, emulsifier, rinse aid, defoamer for windshield washer fluids, emulsion polymerization, industrial formulations, household prods. 

Incromide. [Crodainc.] Fat addalka-mdamides conditioner, vise, builder, foam stabilizer, emulsifier, pearling agent, tpacifier for house d, cosmetic, aid industrial formulations. 

Incromide. [Croda Inc.] Fat add alkanolamides conditioner, vsc. buildo, foam stabilize, emulsifio , peadii agent, cpacifio for house d, cosmetic, and industrial formulations. 

In industrial formulations, the steady-state concentration of chain carriers in chain and ionic polymerization is usually low. These polymerization reactions are therefore highly sensitive to impurities that could interfere with the chain carriers. Similarly, in step-growth polymerization, a high degree of conversion is required in order to obtain a product of high molecular weight (Chapters 6 and 7). It is therefore necessary to prevent extraneous reactions of reactants and also exclude interference of impurities like monofunctional compounds. 

Chemical, Petrochemical, and Pharmaceutical Production The chemical industry includes manufacturing facilities that produce bulk or specialty compounds from chemical reactions between organic and/or inorganic materials. The petrochemical industry includes facilities that manufacture substances from raw hydrocarbon materials such as crude oil and natural gas. The pharmaceutical industry formulates, fabricates, and processes medicinal products from raw materials. Annual direct costs total 1.7 billion for this sector, which amounts to 8% of capital expenditures. This does not include corrosion costs related to operation and maintenance. Acquiring detailed data from individual companies and processing it can help assess the corrosion costs of operations and maintenance. 

Adhesives for the carpet industry. Formulations for backing carpets of hessian and polypropylene staple construction are given below. 

---