Conditioning system formulation

Wang, L.K. Prevention of Airborne Legionairs Disease by Formulation of a New Cooling Water for Use in Central Air Conditioning Systems U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, 1984 Technical Report No. PB85-215317/AS, 97 p., Aug. 

Because the Gibbs energy is the thermodynamic potential for the NPT system, the thermodynamic properties of chemical species and chemical reactions under laboratory conditions are formulated in terms of Gibbs free energy. Recall... 

Shinoda and Kuineda [8] highlighted the effect of temperature on the phase behavior of systems formulated with two surfactants and introduced the concept of the phase inversion temperature (PIT) or the so-called HLB temperature. They described the recommended formulation conditions to produce MEs with surfactant concentration of about 5-10% w/w being (a) the optimum HLB or PIT of a surfactant (b) the optimum mixing ratio of surfactants, that is, the HLB or PIT of the mixture and (c) the optimum temperature for a given nonionic surfactant. They concluded that (a) the closer the HLBs of the two surfactants, the larger the cosolubilization of the two immiscible phases (b) the larger the size of the solubilizer, the more efficient the solubilisation process and (c) mixtures of ionic and nonionic surfactants are more resistant to temperature changes than nonionic surfactants alone. 

One of the goals of the experimental research is to analyze the systems in order to make them as widely applicable as possible. To achieve this, the concept of similitude is often used. For example, the measurements taken on one system (for example in a laboratory unit) could be used to describe the behaviour of other similar systems (e.g. industrial units). The laboratory systems are usually thought of as models and are used to study the phenomenon of interest under carefully controlled conditions. Empirical formulations can be developed, or specific predictions of one or more characteristics of some other similar systems can be made from the study of these models. The establishment of systematic and well-defined relationships between the laboratory model and the other systems is necessary to succeed with this approach. The correlation of experimental data based on dimensional analysis and similitude produces models, which have the same qualities as the transfer based, stochastic or statistical models described in the previous chapters. However, dimensional analysis and similitude do not have a theoretical basis, as is the case for the models studied previously. 

The system of linear equations originating from the difference equation (2.308) has to be supplemented by the difference equations for the points around the boundaries where the decisive boundary conditions are taken into account. As a simplification we will assume that the boundaries run parallel to the x- and y-directions. Curved boundaries can be replaced by a series of straight lines parallel to the x- and y-axes. However a sufficient degree of accuracy can only be reached in this case by having a very small mesh size Ax. If the boundaries are coordinate lines of a polar coordinate system (r, differential equation and its boundary conditions are formulated in polar coordinates and then the corresponding finite difference equations are derived. 

Dexter RW and Huddleston EW Effects of adjuvants and dynamic surface tension on spray properties under simulated aerial conditions, Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems Eighteenth Volume, ASTM STP1347, Nalewaja JD, Goss GR and Tann RS (Eds), American Society for Testing and Materials (1998). 

For simple open-shell systems, we formulated analogous doublet stability conditions [102,103], and illustrated them on a series of polyenic radicals [104]. These type of solutions do not fit into Fukutome s classification, but have now been incorporated in its generalized version [100]. The doublet stability conditions were formulated just at the time of the 1968 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia [105], which greatly upset the everyday life of all citizens, not to mention the culmral and scientific activities in the entire country. For this reason. Jiff and myself gratefully welcomed the hospitality the University of Waterloo kindly provided, thanks to the efforts of Professor Sydney Davison, not knowing at the time that it would become our permanent abode. Thus, the bulk of our work on the stability problem was carried out at Waterloo. 

When food components differing in are put into the same system, the components of higher a give up moisture to those with a lower until the mixture reaches equilibrium as described by Potter (1986). A practical consequence of this is that each component of a mixture can be prepared separately under specific conditions of formulation and/or infusion. When these components are subsequently blended and reach the equilibrium of the mkture, they will retain different amounts of water in keeping with their individual water sorption isotherms and texture. This principal is employed in producing complex mixtures. 

Clearly, the phenomenon cannot be a property of the solution, since this is the same for all these problems, and must be a property of the differential system itself It is therefore appropriate to speak about well conditioning or ill-conditioning of the system formulation. 

Beyond the Hiickel method and with explicit inclusion of electron repulsion, a more rigorous approach to the o—Ti separability was given by Lykos and Parr. The following conditions were formulated. (1) The total wave function P l,2,...,n) of an n-electron system may be written in the form... 

Thus, there are infinite (weD- and ill-) matrix condition numbers for the same linear system that depend on the system formulation. Conversely, there is one single standard form for each linear system and a unique system conditioning. 

Following on the work of Teramoto, Hoffman, Sharma and Luss (28) have performed an analysis of the adiabatic gas-liquid reactor operating in continuous backmixed flow of the liquid phase for this consecutive (1,1) - (1,1) reaction. They used data relative to the system chlorine/n-decane with a selectivity ratio of k /kp = 1. 1 The boundary conditions were formulated in terms of overall material balances on the gas and liquid phases, so that for component A, the boundary condition at the film-bulk junction is given by... 

In processing polymer blends, equipment selection, conditions, and formulation are highly important to control the final morphology. In this chapter, a review of the fundamentals in mixing (laminar, chaotic, dispersive, and distributive) is given before presenting the main limitations/problems related to interfacial properties, coalescence, and measure of mixing quality. Then, different methods and equipments are presented for lab-scale and industrial applications. A special focus is made on reactive system and phase compatibilization to improve the properties of the final blends. Also, nonmechanical techniques (solutions) are presented. 

The general guidelines for developing a gas separation process based on adsorption are reviewed. Two important industrial cases based on adsorption processes are selected the separation of propane/propylene mixtures and n/iso-paraffins mixtures. The 13X zeolite and Ag -Amberlyst were used as adsorbent for propane/propylene mixture taking into account information from the open literature. The 5A zeolite was selected for n/iso-paraffins system the adsorption equilibrium and diffusivity data were obtained from gravimetric and ZLC techniques respectively. A mathematical model for the bulk separation in fixed bed upon non-isothermal non-adiabatic conditions is formulated and solved numerically. The simulated results are compared with the available experimental breakthrough curves. Finally, a cyclic process based in the PSA-VSA and TSA concepts is proposed for these systems. 

Triethanolamine based esterquats are a mixture of mono- di- and tries-terquats. It is claimed that for softeners and hair conditioners an esterquat with at least 50% diester content is preferred [49]. Methyldiethanolamine-based esterquats are mainly diesterquats with only slight amounts of mono-esterquat. Monoesterquats are useful as cationic surfactants in hair care formulations [124]. Solid esterquats with improved dispersibility and emulsifying properties are obtained by quaternization of fatty acid triethanolamine esters in the presence of a dispersing agent or nonionic emulsifier [125-127]. Esterquats can be used in sprayable conditioning systems for hair care [128]. 

The most frequently used additional method is the evaluation of data for liquid/ liquid phase separation, i.e., of critical points and of binodal curves [21]. This information is normally obtained by means of cloud point measurements (either visually or turbidimetrically) and the analysis of the composition of coexisting phases. Critical data give access to the system-specific parameters via the critical conditions, as formulated in (36) and (37) for the present approach or by means of equivalent expressions of other theories. If the critical data (temperature, pressure, and composition) are known for a sufficiently large number of polymer samples with different molar mass, and the number of parameters required for a quantitative description of g ip) is not too high, this method yields reliable information. Similar consideration also hold true for the evaluation of binodal curves. In both cases it is very helpful to formulate a theoretically justified temperature dependence of the system-specific parameters. 

---