Amine adduct

Activated tertiary amines such as triethanolamine (TEA) and methyl diethanolamine (MDEA) have gained wide acceptance for CO2 removal. These materials require very low regeneration energy because of weak CO2 amine adduct formation, and do not form carbamates or other corrosive compounds (53). Hybrid CO2 removal systems, such as MDEA —sulfolane—water and DIPA—sulfolane—water, where DIPA is diisopropylamine, are aqueous alkaline solutions in a nonaqueous solvent, and are normally used in tandem with other systems for residual clean-up. Extensive data on the solubiUty of acid gases in amine solutions are available (55,56). 

Sulfur trioxide reactivity can also be moderated through the use of SO adducts. The reactivity of such complexes is inversely proportional to their stabihty, and consequentiy they can be selected for a wide variety of conditions. Whereas moderating SO reactivity by adducting agents is generally beneficial, the agents add cost and may contribute to odor and possible toxicity problems in derived products. CeUulosic material has been sulfated with SO.—trimethyl amine adduct in aqueous media at 0 to 5°C (16). Sulfur trioxide—triethyl phosphate has been used to sulfonate alkenes to the corresponding alkene sulfonate (17). Sulfur trioxide—pyridine adduct sulfates oleyl alcohol with no attack of the double bond (18). 

Diaminopropane Processes. 1,2-Propylenediamine can be produced by the reductive amination of propylene oxide (142), 1,2-propylene glycol [57-55-6] (143), or monoisopropanolamine [78-96-6] (144). 1,3-Propanediol [504-63-2] can be used to make 1,3-diaminopropane (143). Various propaneamines are produced by reducing the appropriate acrylonitrile—amine adducts (145—147). Polypropaneamines can be obtained by the oligomerization of 1,3-diaminopropane (148,149). 

S.08.4.2.1 Synthesis of diaziridines by electrophilic amination of carbonyl-amine adducts... 

Aliphatic sulfonyl chlorides that have a-hydrogen substituents, react with simple tertiary amines, such as trimethylamine, to generate sulfenes or perhaps their amine adducts 446). These species are suggested by the incorporation of one (but not more) deuterium atoms on reaction of sulfonyl chlorides with deuterated alcohols and triethylamine (447-450). A 2 1 adduct of sulfene and trimethylamine with proposed sulfonyl-sulfene structure could be isolated (451). 

The use of various amine adducts of carbonyl compounds as a method of carbonyl protection has been reviewed." ... 

Aliphatic polyamines, amine adducts and polyamides react with epoxide resins at normal temperatures to give complexes with outstanding chemical resistance. Paints based on this type of reaction must be supplied in two separate containers, one containing the epoxide resin and the other the curing agent , the two being mixed in prescribed proportions immediately before use. 

After rinsing and dry-off, the primer is applied. In most modern plants this means electrodeposition of the primer (Section 14.1). The most widely used primers are cathodic. The body shell is made the cathode and current flows between it and inert anodes in the electropaint bath. The paint is formulated so that the resin is basic and, when neutralised with an acid such as lactic acid, becomes positively charged. The most widely used resins are epoxy-amine adducts ... 

Adducts of a fatty amine adduct to unsaturated acid in which the product contains only secondary or tertiary amine groups that have a lower toxicity to the environment [391]. 

The corrosion of metal surfaces and the precipitation of a metal sulfide by an aqueous acid solution can be prevented by an aldol-amine adduct. Aldol (from acetaldehyde) CH3CH(OH)CH2CHO has been utilized as a H2S scavenger that prevents the precipitation of metal sulfides from aqueous acid solutions. However, when the aldol or an aqueous solution of the aldol is stored, the solution separates quickly into two layers, with all of the aldol concentrated in the bottom layer. The bottom layer is not redispersible in the top layer or in water or acid. In addition, the aldol in the bottom layer has very little activity as a sulfide scavenger. Thus the use of aldol as a H2S scavenger in aqueous acid solutions can result in unsatisfactory results [245,247]. However, the aldol can be reacted with an amine, such as monoethanoleamine (=aminoethanol), to form an aldol-amine adduct to overcome these difficulties. The amine utilized to prepare the aldol-amine adduct must be a primary amine. The aldol-amine adduct preferentially reacts with sulfide ions when they are dissolved in the... 

Hexaco-ordinated Phosphorus Compounds. - The reaction of PCt with alkylammonium fluorides in the presence of secondary amines gives PF5-amine adducts (132)60. The additional presence of alcohols or phenols leads to the formation of alkoxy- or aroxypenta-f luorophosphates, ROPF -. The PF -amine adducts may also be converted into ROPF - by treatment with alcohols or into ArNHPF -by treatment with primary arylamines. 

Amine adducts of Ni11 diphenyldithiophosphinate with substituted ethylenediamins have been prepared and characterized. A dimeric pentacoordinate structure was proposed for [Ni2(S2PPh2)4(tmeda)].91s One crystal structure of a square planar Ni11 complex (351) with an aminophosphonate ligand has been reported.916... 

It should be mentioned that the introduction of the phenyl substituent in the 2-position of the 1-boraadamantane framework decreases stability of its amine adducts in comparison with the corresponding complexes of parent 1-boraadamantane (Scheme 13) <2000IZV497>. 

Susceptibility to complexation is one of the main properties of 1-boraadadamantane compounds. Air and moisture stability of many amine adducts is particularly important in connection with the biological activity of certain 1-boraadamantane derivatives <1979KFZ35, 1983KFZ1077, 2003JME2823, 1996CHEC-II(8)889>. 

Adducts that have been characterized by single X-ray crystallography include the dimethylzinc complexes with triazine, [Me2Zn (CH2NMe)3 2],23,2 and TMEDA, [Me2Zn Me2N(CH)2 NMe2 ].23 Other amine adducts that have been structurally characterized, but not used in... 

Figure 20 Syntheses and structures of group 13 intramolecular alkyl-amine adducts.

X Attempted direct aminolysis of halostannanes yielded the corresponding amine adducts.2... 

The amine adduct Et2Mg(tmeda) (R = Me, Et) reacts with phenylacetylene to produce [Mg2Et(phenylethynyl)3-(tmeda)]2 benzene 46 (Figure 22).170 Related to that of alkali metal alkynyl magnesates, the structure of 46 is... 

The reaction of 49 with alkylamines has been examined in the context of Cp2Mg-MR3-NH3 (M = group 13 metal) mixtures as CVD precursors. Addition of primary and secondary amines to 49 at ambient temperature in toluene affords stable amine adducts in good yield (Table 3). Most adducts can be sublimed at under 100 °C/0.05 torr in... 

Table 3 Primary and secondary amine adducts of Cp2Mga...

Dissociation Enthalpies De [kcal/mol] of Selected Borane- and Alane-Amine Adducts... 

The B-N distances in as-described borane-amine adducts were found to be shorter in the solid state (156.4 161.6pm) than in the gas phase (167.2 163.7pm). Moreover, it was found that the B-N distance of such adducts in solution is strongly affected by the polarity of the solvent the more polar the solvent the shorter the B-N bond. Both findings indicate the strong influence of a dipolar field, either within a crystal or in polar solvents, on dative B-N bond distances. 

A weak base such as carbazole gave a low conversion to amine adduct. No reaction took place with 2-pyrrolidone and acetamide. When bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (39) was used as the ligand, 1 1 adducts were formed (56). 

Similar to the Mukaiyama Michael reaction, the amination is believed to proceed through a hetero-Diels-Alder manifold. The dihydrooxadiazene 397 intermediate is observed by in situ IR spectroscopy and assigned its structure based on a characteristic C=N stretch at 1687 cm-1 (246). This intermediate decomposes in the presence of the alcohol providing the amination adduct. 

A polar nucleophilic mechanism has also been advanced (86) (Fig. 4.34C). The mechanism is characterized by a nucleophilic attack of the amine on the 4a position of FAD to form the amine adduct followed by base-catalyzed elimination to the imine and FADH2. 

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