Solvents formulations

Solvent Formulation System. Another technology area which cuts across product lines is solvent formulation. For each pound of coatings applied, cost of solvents represents an appreciable portion of the total cost. Solvent raw material cost can be as much as one-third of the total raw material cost of coating manufacturers. In addition, solvent formulation affects many end use properties, such as aesthetics, coverage, application latitude, functional properties, etc. For our computerized solvent formulation system, we have developed a number of models which predict properties of solvent blends known to be important in solvent formulation. 

Application of the Solvent Formulation System. In contrast to the acrylic polymerization model discussed previously which is extremely complex mathematically and computation wise the solvent formulation system is a growing collection of models which are much less complex mathematically and computation wise. However, the system does allow one to evaluate many properties of solvent blend quickly and with relative ease. The system has been found to be valuable in ... 

During recent years much technical effort of coating manufacturers has been directed at replacement of solvents due to toxicity or air pollution considerations. Our solvent formulation system has played a major role in these reformulation efforts. We have realized savings both from reduction in technical efforts and in raw materials costs. 

Most compositions of lithium electrolytes are based on solutions of one or more lithium salts in mixtures of two or more solvents, and single-solvent formulations are very rare, if there are any. The rationale behind this mixed solvent formulation is that the diverse and often contradicting requirements of bat-... 

Gel lacquer formulations used for dip coating. The early catapult propellants were inhibited by dipping in a lacquer consisting of toluene 80p, acetone 20p and a total solids content of 15-18%. The grains were dipped twice and had a cured inhibitor thickness of 20 to 30 mils. As the size of experimental slotted tube catapults increased, coatings of 100 mils were required. This necessitated an increase of the solid content to 25-27%. As this soln was too viscous some methylol was incorporated in solvent formulation. In order to improve the room temp gelling characteristics an aliphatic hydrocarbon was added... 

A variant solvent formulation was developed in China (INET), involving (2-ethylhexyl)-phosphonic acid 2-ethylhexyl ester (HEHEHP) as the extractant (saponified to 40% with concentrated ammonia), dissolved at 1.5 M in kerosene, to recover, in 43 stages, 99% of Am(III) and remove 90% of Ln(III) from a 0.2 M nitrate feed (pH 1) (237). 

Degradation of the solvent formulation (loss of efficiency due both to the partial disappearance of the extractant at the heart of the process and to the formation of degradation products that may be competitive) ... 

The separation residence time determines the relationship between separator size and separator throughput. Extensive property determinations were made during prior development and testing of candidate CSSX solvent formulations [49],... 

In the textile industry, a product applied to fibres or fabrics to remove stains. Example solvents formulated to contain surfactants such as alkylsulfates. 

The TBA and water are removed during the lyophilisation cycle and the resulting lyophilised powder or cake is reconstituted with propylene glycol, ethanol and citrate buffer pH 5 prior to administration. Thus, the final dosing solution composition is similar to that of the original co-solvent formulation. 

Properties Viscous, brown liquid. Soluble in petroleum solvents and other common organic solvents. Formulated principally as liquid for spray applications corresponding to natural pyrethrins. 

The drawback of water as a solvent is that it cannot dissolve a variety of nonpolar compounds. In many aqueous solvent formulations, surfactants are used to... 

The ICI Markal process is used for desizing and scouring by using suspension of enzyme in trichloroethylene and surfactant solution. The fabric is padded through the solvent formulation, steamed to remove the solvent and to activate the enzyme. A wash-off with water completes the process. The Markal processes are suitable for polyester/cotton, polyester/rayon and other blends as well as for cotton. 

Beyond considering the solvent formulators must also consider the biology and state of the skin, and whether transient or sustained delivery is desired. Generally, semisolid formulations are selected for increased residence on the skin, and liquid formulations for a rapid short-term input of permeant into the skin. In both the clinical and cosmetic domains, skin type can affect the choice of formulation base in that usually for normal to oily skin types, gels are preferred but for normal to dry skin types lotions are usually selected and for dry skin, creams are often the preferred base. As well as skin type, the skin site to be treated can affect vehicle selection. For example, for hairy areas lotions, gels or sprays are usually preferable as these spread better whereas for intertriginous areas, creams or lotions are usually employed. 

BurreU, H., Solubility parameters for film formers, Off. Dig., 27(369), 726-758, 1972 BurreU, H., A solvent formulating chart. Off. Dig., 29(394), 1159-1173, 1957 Burrell, H., The use of the solubility parameter concept in the United States, VI Federation d Associations de Techniciens des Industries des Peintures, Vemis, Emawc et Encres d Imprimerie de VEurope Continentale, Congress Book, 1962, 21-30. Hansen, C.M., The three dimensional solubility parameter-key to paint component affinities 1, J. Paint TechnoL, 39(505), 104-117, 1967. 

The choice of solvent or solvent formulation (iv) is of considerable importance, not only for performance characteristics but also to avoid the occurrence of local and systemic toxicity to the recipient. Thus, the solvent or solvent system used (v) should meet the following criteria ... 

The calculation of resin and solvent activities has had a recent application in the correlation and prediction of mixture viscosities (12) which should prove valuable to the solvent formulator. 

A recently developed computer-based technique allows time spent in laboratory screening of solvent formulations for particular applications to be greatly reduced (I). In this method, blend performance properties are calculated by simple mixing rules from the properties of the component solvents, and a blend composition is chosen which will match a required set of properties while minimizing cost. Solvent blends formulated in this way have an excellent chance of success in subsequent laboratory tests. 

Figure 2 illustrates a sample ternary diagram. The following factors are significant in using this solvent formulating tool ... 

Evaporation Rate of Solvents Evaporation of Solvent-Water Blends Flash Point of Solvents Air Quality Regulations and Solvents Formulation of Solvent Blends Solvents for High-Solids Coatings... 

Densotroptic. [Anderson Labs] Oi]ganic solvent formulation. 

Densotroptic. [Andemon Labs] Organic solvent formulation. 

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