Lead speciation

Capodaglio, G., Scarponi, G., K.H. Coole, K.W. Bruland. Lead Speciation in surface seawaters. X Int. Symp. Chemistry of the Mediterranean, Primosten, Yugoslavia, 4-12 May 1988. 

A1-Rashdan A, Heitkemper D, Caruso JA. 1991. Lead speciation by HPLC-ICP-AES and HPLC-ICP-MS. J Chromatogr Sci 29(3) 98-102. 

Manceau A, Boisset M-C, Sarret G, et al. 1996. Direct determination of lead speciation in contaminated soils by EXAFS spectroscopy. Environ Science Technology 30(5) 1540-1552. 

Ultraviolet spectroscopy has been applied to the determination of lead and lead speciation studies [407]. Scaule and Patterson [408] used isotope dilution-mass spectrometry to determine the lead profile in the open North Pacific Ocean. 

Table V Lead speciation in seawater corrected and uncorrected for Cl ion-pairs. ...

Chakrabarti, C.L., Lu, Y., Gregoire, D.C., Back, M.H. and Schroeder, W.H. (1994) Kinetic studies of metal speciation using Che lex cation exchange resin application to cadmium, copper, and lead speciation in river water and snow. Environ. Sci. Technol, 28, 1957-1967. 

Capodaglio, G., Coale, K.H. and Bruland, K.W. (1990) Lead speciation in surface waters of the Eastern North Pacific. Mar. Chem. 29, 221-233. 

Work on sample preparation for lead speciation has raised a number of questions about accuracy of results of analyses. Sampling procedures should be restricted to the minimum number of steps. TAL and other lead compounds are readily adsorbed on container surfaces, including glass from aqueous solutions. In... 

Investigations of lead speciation in various environmental samples have relied upon gas and liquid chromatographic separations coupled to mass spectrometric and atomic absorption spectrometric detectors. The combination of atomic absorption spectrometry with gas chromatography (GC-AAS) has proved to be the most widely applied technique. Sample types have included air, surface water, air particulates, sediments, grass, and clinical materials such as blood. A review of speciation analyses of organolead compounds by GC-AAS, with emphasis on environmental materials, was published (Lobinski et al., 1994). 

Lead speciation (inorganic lead, trimethyllead chloride, triethyllead chloride, and triphenyllead chloride) has been performed by Al-Rashdan et al. [26]. Despite previous use of a gradient elution (10% to 70% methanol in water) with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) detection, an isocratic elution was used with ICP-MS detection because gradient elution causes plasma instability. A 30% methanol/water mobile phase was used, along with a CI8 column, and the pH was optimized by using acetate buffer. 

G. Capodaglio, G. Scarponi, P. Cescon, Lead speciation in the Antarctic Ocean, Proceedings of the Meeting Electroanalysis and Chemometrics of Speciation in Natural Waters, Liverpool (UK), July, 9-10, 1991, Anal. Proc., 28 (1991), 76-77. 

Manceau A (1995) The mechanism of anion adsorption on iron oxides evidence for the bonding of arsenate tetrahedra on free Fe(0,OH)6 edges. Geochim Cosmocliim Acta 59 3647-3653 Manceau A, Boisset MC, Sarret G, Hazemann J-L, Mench M, Cambier P, Prost R (1996) Direct determination of lead speciation in contaminated soils by EXAFS spectroscopy. Environ Sci Technol 30 1540-1552... 

The project to improve the quality control of lead speciation analysis was started in 1990 by a feasibility study on the stability of alkyllead species in solution [118], and was concluded in 1991. The first interlaboratory study was conducted in 1992 [119] and was followed by a second exercise carried out in 1993 [120]. The certification campaign of trimethyllead in artificial rainwater and urban dust was conducted in 1995-96. 

A systematic error was suspected in the application of the HPLC-AAS method which could explain higher values found at the 4 pg level (10000 dilution). This error could not be seen at the higher level (1000 dilution). Indeed, in the case of a small systematic error the calibration slope would be the same and standard additions could not correct for non-additive errors. The laboratory mentioned that a hydride generation procedure was successfully used in their laboratory for lead speciation analysis. No interferences were observed between inorganic Pb, MesPbCl and triethyllead using this method. However, this system is still under development and its ruggedness should be further tested. This method was based on earlier work by Blais and Marshall [122]. 

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