Civil works

Inspect utilities penetration into each room. 

The facility has been constructed in accordance with design specifications and cGMPs. 

Doors open/close properly, and interlocks operate in accordance with design specifications. 

Floor surfaces are smooth, and free of crevices, holes, and rough spots. 

Painted surfaces are to have full and smooth coverage. 

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For feasibility studies on chemical plants, the Chemical Engineering Plant Index is recommended. However, if extensive civil work is being estimated, the ENR Index will be applicable. 

Where an under-slung condenser has been specified, the provision of a basement to the engine room offers the attraction of compactness at the expense of enhanced civil works, while alternatively, the specification of pannier condensers can obviate the need for a basement and will simplify the foundation design, but will considerably increase the floor area requirements. The condensing plant itself consists essentially of banks of tubes through which cooling water flows and around which exhausted steam from the turbine is condensed to form a vacuum. Such tubes have traditionally been made of brass, but where severe corrosion conditions exist, cupro-nickel is sometimes used. 

Regenerators require larger capital outlay and more involved civil works as compared with recuperators. 

In most design offices Computer Aided Design (CAD) methods are now used to produce the drawings required for all the aspects of a project flow-sheets, piping and instrumentation, mechanical and civil work. 

U.S. ACE, Yearly Average Cost Index for Utilities, in Civil Works Construction Cost Index System Manual, 110-2-1304, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC, 2007, p. 44, available at http // www.nww.usace.army.mil/cost, 2007. 

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Civil Works Construction Yearly Average Cost Index for Utilities... 

One can consider other energy options. For example, to supply 40 to 60 Terawatts of energy via nuclear fission is possible, it could be done. However it necessitates increasing by almost a factor of x500 the number of nuclear power plants ever built. The consequence of such demand is that we would soon deplete earth s uranium supplies. Breeder reactors are an un-stable possibility, like mixing matches, children, and gasoline. Depending upon ones viewpoint fusion remains either a to be hoped for miracle, or an expensive civil-works project. 

The estimated total cost to treat 125,000 m of soil from the Sviluppo Linate in Milan, Italy, at a rate of 25 tons per hour was 22 million. This estimate excludes excavation, debris removal, treatment and disposal of residual solids and effluents, site restoration, utilities, and the cost of bench- and pilot-scale testing (D158898, p. 333, 342). The vendor estimated that it would cost 150 to 200 per ton to treat 500,000 tons of soil using the B.E.8.T. Model 615 unit at a rate of 200 to 300 tpd. This estimate includes mobilization and demobilization costs but excludes the costs of site excavation, civil work, taxes, prescreening needs, site management, and effluent disposal (D199319, p. 6). 

The main components comprising a small hydro power plant are the civil works for the water diversion and the necessary mechanical and electrical equipment. Water is diverted from the river at the intake position, where a weir is built at an elevation higher than the power house. From that point, water is driven through a... 

The project scope and exeeution responsibility can also be split into several contracts to be aw arded gradually as the project information and design develop, i.e., engineering, civil work, mechanical work, etc. This approach imposes a heavy load on the Owner s Project Manager and is suitable for small projects only. 

Concrete Work Structural Steel Miscellaneous Civil Work... 

An additional 5/work hour is suggested to cover major construction equipment. Miscellaneous Civil Work... 

The following unit costs provide ballpark estimates for civil work frequently encountered in chemical plant projects. Some have been obtained from contractors, others from published cost data, and the rest reflect the author s actual past experience. 

Week 32 Civil work including concrete, site work, sewers, underground piping, and fire protection. 

Civil work. Include the two most promising local contractors. 

Bad weather will always have a negative impact on both schedule and labor productivity, especially on civil work and outdoor structural steel and piping work allowances must be made when that type of work must be done in the winter and/or rainy season. 

The hours for the Civil Work activities, Concrete, Structural Steel, and Buildings have also been lifted directly from Appendix L, Sections L.9, L.IO, and L.ll. On larger projects deeper activity breakdowns can be prepared with Table 15.2. 

As mentioned in Section H.l the activity breakdown for this example is based on the preliminary estimate in Appendix L that was prepared without the benefit of P ID s and arrangement drawings. This breakdown would be barely adequate for tracking the civil work - site, concrete, and steel erection. However, it is not detailed enough for use for tracking electromechanical work - equipment erection, piping, electrical, and instrumentation. 

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