Evaluation of Water

Water is used in sterile bulk operations for final rinsing of equipment, tanks and other items used in final compounding, processing and filling of sterile drug products. The quality of water must meet the requirements of the USP Water for Injection. Among the most important of these requirements are extremely low (e.g. 0-2 CFU) coliform bacterial counts. Water for Injection outlets are sampled daily in large amounts ( 500 ml). Appropriate culture media, temperatures and times for incubation of water samples are selected for enumeration of bacteria.  

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Other Constituents of Stream Water. The records reported ia Refs. 21 and 22 were obtaiaed for the primary purpose of evaluating the suitabihty of surface water resources of the United States for utilization by iadustry and for irrigation of agricultural lands ia the western part of the country. These stream waters also provide pubHc water suppHes for many municipahties. Evaluations of water quaUty for the latter purpose emphasize constituents that were not given detailed consideration ia Refs. 21 and 22 summaries, although there are references ia Ref. 21 to work done ia various state health laboratories and municipal treatment plants. 

TABLE 6.6 Microbiological Evaluations of Water and Deposits in Case History 6.1 ... 

No class reaction has been proposed for the measurement of total sterols. Instead, various fractionation methods, usually derived from the biochemical litreature, have been adapted to the concentrated materials collected from seawater. Certain of the more important sterols, particularly those used in the evaluation of water quality, have been determined by the use of a compound-specific reaction, after concentration from solution. Thus Wann et al. [405,... 

Okubo, K. and T. Okubo. 1962. Study on the bioassay method for the evaluation of water pollution — II. Use of the fertilized eggs of sea urchin and bivalves. Bull. Tokai Reg. Fish. Res. Lab. 32 131-140. 

Analytical methods may, to some extent, be available for the determination of specific components. Such methods are generally found in Standard Methods for the Evaluation of Water and Wastewater (1998). 

Sornsrivichai P, Syers JK,Tillman RW, Cornforth IS. An evaluation of water extraction as a soil-testing procedure of phosphorus. Glasshouse assessment of plant-available phosphate. Fert. Res. 1988 15 211-223. 

Okumura M, Mikawa M, Yokawa T, Kanazawa Y, Kato H, Shinohara H (2002) Evaluation of water-soluble metallofullerenes as MRI contrast agents. Acad. Radiol. 9 S495-S497. 

Stoessel F (1989) On the ecology of ciliates in riverwaters The evaluation of water quality via ciliates and filamentous bacteria. Aquat Sci 51 235... 

If the size of the literature is a reliable indicator, the analysis of compo-uents fotmd In nvironmfntnl samples has not been developed t the same extent as clinical applications of re versed-phase chromatography. More attention has been paid to the analysis of volatile species by gas phase chromatography. This is due in part to the difficulty in identifying large molecular weight complex molecules which are present in water at trace levels. However, determination of a variety of analytes in water, soil, or other matrices has been reported and the wider use of RPC in the evaluation of water quality especially can be expected. The apolar phases used in RPC may be a boon in the determination of dilute analytes. Frei (4M) has discussed how relatively unpolar compounds dissolved in water can be concentrated at the top of a reversed-phase column and then eluted as a narrow band with an appropriate solvent. This technique can be used for the analysis of environmental samples in which the analyte of interest is in exceedingly low concentration. 

Javanmardi, J. Moshfeghian, M. (2003). Energy consumption and economic evaluation of water desalination by hydrate phenomenon. App. Therm. Eng., 23 (7), 845-857. 

Christensen, H. Sunder, S. 1996. An evaluation of water layer thickness effective in the oxidation of U02 fuel due to radiolysis of water. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 238, 70-77. 

Roa, V. and Tapia de Daza, M.S. 1991. Evaluation of water activity measurements with a dew point electronic humidity meter. Lehensmittel-Wissen-schaft Technol. 24 208-213. 

Vyas, D.M., et al. 1993. Synthesis and antitumor evaluation of water soluble taxol phosphates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 3 1357. 

Terzaghi, C., Buffagni, M., Cantelli, D., Bonfanti, P. and Camatini, M. (1998) Physical-chemical and ecotoxicological evaluation of water based drilling fluids used in Italian off-shore, Chemosphere 37 (14-15), 2859-2871. 

Vigano, L., Bassi, A. and Garino, A. (1996) Toxicity evaluation of waters from a tributary of the River Po using the 7-Day Ceriodaphnia dubia test, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 35 (3), 199-208. 

Substances List Concerning WGK (Wasser Gefahrdungs Klasse, The Water Hazard Classification), issued by KBWS (The Committe for the Evaluation of Water-Endangering Substances), March 1989. 

Evaluation of water absorption properties of pastes in vitro this experiment was conducted as described in Reference 8. Briefly, 10 g of each paste were uniformly distributed on the bottom of a Petri dish, thereby ensuring that the surface of the paste was absolutely plain and unruffled. The preparation was covered with 20 ml of distilled water and left for 30 min at 20°C. The water was removed, and the surface of the product was dried with a soft tissue. The absorptive feature of the paste preparation was calculated from the weight... 

Gammelgaard, B., Fullerton, A., Avnstorp, C., and Menne, T., In vitro evaluation of water and petrolatum as vehicles in chromate patch testing, Contact Dermatitis, 27, 317, 1992. 

Blewitt, D. N., R. L. Petersen, M. A. Ratcliff and G. Heskestad, 1991. Evaluation of Water Spray Mitigation System for an Industrial Facility. Proceedings of the International Conference and Workshop on Modeling and Mitigating the Consequences of Accidental Releases of Hazardous Materials, pp. 483-510. New York American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 

Petersen, R. L., and D. N. Blewitt. 1992. Evaluation of Water Sprays/Fire Monitor Mitigation for Two Refineries. New York American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 

Henriksen, A.P. and Stahnke, L.H. 1997. Sensory and chromatographic evaluations of water soluble fractions from dried sausages. J. Agric. Food Chem. 45, 2679-2684. 

Constantinides, P. R, Scalart, J. P., Lancaster, C., Marcello, J., and Smith, P. L., et al. (1994), Formulation and intestinal absorption enhancement evaluation of water-in-oil microemulsions incorporating medium-chain glycerides, Pharm. Res., 11,1385-1390. 

The following is an example of a typical chemical process (in a schematic form) used for the analysis of a wastewater sample in order to determine the presence of organic matter or oxidizable fraction through the measurement of the chemical oxygen demand (COD), a very common parameter in the evaluation of water pollution ... 

Hovde, D. A. "Laboratory Development and Evaluation of Water Dispersible Granules" Pesticide Formulation and Application Systems, 3rd Conference STP 828, American Society of Testing and Materials Philadelphia PA. December, 1983. 

Roth, T., and Loncin, M. (1984). Evaluation of water evaporation inhibitors. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 100,216-219. 

Uoto, K. Akenoshita, H. Yoshino, T. Hirota, Y Anido, S. Mitsui, I. Tersawa, H. Soga, T. Synthesis and evaluation of water-soluble non-produrg analogues of docetaxel bearing jec-Aminoethyl group at the C-10 position. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1998, 46(5) 770-776. 

Feng, X. Yuan, Y.-J. Wu, J.-C. Synthesis and evaluation of water-soluble paclitaxel prodrugs. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2002, 12 3301-3303. 

Satija, R., Jacobsen, D., Arif, M., Werner, S. (2004). In situ neutron imaging techniques for evaluation of water management systems in operating PEM fuel cells. /. Power Sources 129,238-245. 

FIGURE 10 Evaluation of water sorption behavior of solids. Source From Ref. 35. 

Xu H-N., Huang W., Jia C., Kim Y., Liu H. Evaluation of water holding capacity and breadmaking properties for frozen dough containing ice structuring proteins from winter wheat. Journal of Cereal Science 2009 49(2) 250-253. 

Dzygiel, P. O Donnell, E. Fraier, D. Chassaing, C. Cormack, P. A. G., Evaluation of water-compatible molecularly imprinted polymers as solid-phase extraction sorbents for the selective extraction of sildenafil and its desmethyl metabolite from biological samples, J. Chromatogr. B 2007, 853(1-2), 346-353... 

Szabo, M.T., 1979. An evaluation of water-soluble polymers for secondary oil recovery, parts I... 

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