Other Items

Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, Chlorine, Sulfur Dioxide, and Carbonyl Chloride 

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An initial guess for the reactor conversion is very difficult to make. A high conversion increases the concentration of monoethanolamine and increases the rates of the secondary reactions. As we shall see later, a low conversion has the effect of decreasing the reactor capital cost but increasing the capital cost of many other items of equipment in the flowsheet. Thus an initial value of 50 percent conversion is probably as good as a guess as can be made at this stage. 

The first 3 items of the above list (waveguides, transducers and preamplifiers) are located at or near to the component(s) to be monitored. The other items must be installed in the control room area, mounted into a single instrumentation rack (fig. 4). 

A large portion of beans go to make extracts and tinctures, which are then used for ice cream, bakery goods, Hqueurs, and many other items. 

In the second quarter of the twentieth century, with the development of poly(vinyl chloride), nylon, polyurethane, and other polymers, many new and improved leather-like materials, so-called coated fabrics (qv), were placed on the market. Shortages of leather after World War 11 led to the expansion of these leather-like materials ("man-made" leathers) to replace leather in shoes, clothing, bags, upholstery, and other items. DurabiUty and waterproof quahties superior to leather made coated fabrics advantageous, in spite of imperfection in breathabihty and flexibiUty. Demands for shoes, clothing, and other items are stiU increasing due to growing world population and urbanization. 

Available Chlorine Test. The chlorine germicidal equivalent concentration test is a practical-type test. It is called a capacity test. Under practical conditions of use, a container of disinfectant might receive many soiled, contaminated instniments or other items to be disinfected. Eventually, the capacity of the disinfectant to serve its function would be overloaded due to reaction with the accumulated organic matter and organisms. The chlorine germicidal equivalent concentration test compares the load of a culture of bacteria that a concentration of a disinfectant will absorb and still kill bacteria, as compared to standard concentrations of sodium hypochlorite tested similarly. In the test, 10 successive additions of the test culture are added to each of 3 concentrations of the hypochlorite. One min after each addition a sample is transferred to the subculture medium and the next addition is made 1.5 min after the previous one. The disinfectant is then evaluated in a manner similar to the phenol coefficient test. For equivalence, the disinfectant must yield the same number of negative tubes as one of the chlorine standards. 

The current cost per unit for each utility is usually well known in a company. Thus, the annual cost for utilities and the utilities cost per unit of production can be estimated. The latter is normally much smaller than the raw-materials and labor costs. However, a great deal more work is involved in calculating the utilities cost than for any other item in the manufacturing cost. 

Permissible corrosion rates are an important factor and differ with equipment. Appreciable corrosion can be permitted for tanks and hnes if anticipated and allowed for in design thickness, but essentially no corrosion can be permitted in fine-mesh wire screens, orfices, and other items in which small changes in dimensions are critical. 

Removal of Unprocessed Materials This would include raw materials, packaging materials, labels and other such items. The toller can either retain the materials at no cost, purchase the materials from their client (if offered), dispose of the materials for the client, ship all unprocessed material back to an indicated client site, or a combination of these options. Compensation must be agreed upon for any client-owned material that the toller retains. Unused packaging materials, labels and other items bearing the client s identity should be strictly managed. They should either be recovered by the client or destroyed in a manner approved by the client. 

Other items related to the site conditions that should be communicated are temperature range, if outdoor and type of protection, if outdoor (Is there a roof Are there sides Is the entire installation completely open ). The requirement for heat tracing and other details of this nature that the vendor is to include in his scope of supply should be specified. Whether the machine is at grade or is elevated must also be specified. 

Seals, particularly the restricted leakage type, require auxiliary piping, control valves, and other items. If more than a suggested schematic is to be included in the vendor s scope of supply, a statement to that effect should be made. For the oil buffered systems, if a separate oil system is required, this must be stated, and it can be detailed in the accessory section with the lube system. For dry gas seals, the type of support system must be specified. The vendor s proposal should be requested to outline materials and to... 

Other items unique to steam turbines that must be considered are water carryover and fouling. Carryover can leave deposits on the blading, causing loss in performance and increased thrust loads. If carried to an extreme, thrust bearing failure could occur. If a large amount of water is carried over as a slug of liquid, catastrophic failure can occur. 

The copolymers have been used in the manufacture of extruded pipe, moulded fittings and for other items of chemical plant. They are, however, rarely used in Europe for this purpose because of cost and the low maximum service temperature. Processing conditions are adjusted to give a high amount of crystallinity, for example by the use of moulds at about 90°C. Heated parts of injection cylinders and extruder barrels which come into contact with the molten polymer should be made of special materials which do not cause decomposition of the polymer. Iron, steel and copper must be avoided. The danger of thermal decomposition may be reduced by streamlining the interior of the cylinder or barrel to avoid dead-spots and by careful temperature control. Steam heating is frequently employed. 

Temperature Measurement for Natural, Waste and Potable Waters and other items of interest in the Water and Sewage Disposal Industry, 1986... 

Tube and shell heat exchangers, small distillation columns, reactors, valves, pumps and other items are available in impregnated grapliite. Graphite can be joined only by cementing, which embrittles on aging. It is prone to mechanical damage, particularly when subjected to tensile stresses. 

All other items which may be required for operation of the flare stacks shall be included into the supplier s scope. 

DOE sites not only are subject to radiological hazards, but also have the typical physical, chemical, and biological hazards associated with other sites. Although your site may seem unlikely to have radiological hazards, they can be found in more places than you might believe. Eor example, if your site manufactures chemicals or other items, or generates electricity, it likely has some form of radiological hazards. 

The employer is required to address in its written program the type of regular surveillance of the workplace necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the respirator program. Other items discussed in the standard include ... 

Capacity The actual duty of a fan, heater battery, filter, or other item of equipment. 

Efficiency, overall The average efficiency of a filter or other item of equipment under set operating conditions. 

In addition to products and service which are incorporated or which form part of the products and service supplied to customers, there are tools, test equipment, contract labor, facilities, calibration services, computer services, and many other items which, if not of adequate quality, may adversely affect the quality of the products and service you supply. These items should also be governed by these requirements. 

Incidents involving storage tanks, stacks, pipelines, and pressure vessels have been described in Chapters 5, 6, and 9. This chapter describes some incidents involving other items of equipment. 

More than any other item of equipment, pumps require maintenance while the rest of the plant is on line. Many incidents have occurred because pumps under repair were not properly isolated from the running plant. See Section 1.1. 

Data from an existing collection system were analyzed for failure modes and distribution. The results of Pareto analyses indicate the principal causes of failure. A few values of mean times to maintenance action (MTBM) are given for ethylene plant pumps (85 electric driven centrifugal pumps over a 19-month period), and ethylbenzene-styrene monomer plant equipment from 10 months data 4 gas compressors, 3 screw conveyors, 121 pumps, and 235 other items... 

This book was carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editor, and publisher do not wairant the information contained therein to be free of etrors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illusrtations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate. 

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