Water-soluble fraction

Fraction I cold water-soluble nitrogen (CWSN) Fraction II cold water-insoluble nitrogen (CWIN), which is hot water-soluble Fraction III hot water-insoluble nitrogen (HWIN). 

Washing of samples to determine water soluble fraction or for ashing to determine organic content... 

The carbohydrates in rice bran are made up of the cell wall components such as polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, hemicelluloses, starch and some sugars. The health benefits of rice bran polysaccharides and hemicelluloses are discussed under phytochemicals of rice bran below. It is lactose-free and gluten-free. The water-soluble non-starchy polysaccharides, oligosaccharides and hemicelluloses are concentrated in the water-soluble fraction of rice... 

Fig. 1. Promotion of ethylene synthesis by MG pericarp discs following treatment with water or varying concentrations (uronic acid equivalents) of B fruit water soluble fraction. Bars indicate SEs for the means of measurements of sets of 8 discs/teatment fr wt, Fresh weight.

Neutral sugars increased in the water soluble fraction and didn t change on imidazole and carbonate ones. Uronic acids, on the other hand increased in the imidazole fraction and decreased in both water and carbonate ones. 

The response of marine macrophytes on oil dispersion is dependent on the type of both oil and oil dispersant [292]. Germination inhibition of the marine macrophyte Phyllospora comosa was used to assess and compare the effects of oil dispersants and dispersed diesel fuel and crude oil combinations. The inhibition of germination by the water-soluble fraction of diesel fuel increased after adding all dispersants investigated. This contrasted with crude oil, in which the addition of some dispersants resulted in an enhanced germination rate. 

Kappeler, T., Wuhrmann, K. (1978) Microbial degradation of water soluble fraction of gas oil. Water Res. 12, 327-333. 

Roy MK, Takenaka M, Isobe S and Tsushida T. 2007. Antioxidant potential, anti-proliferative activities, and phenolic content in water-soluble fractions of some commonly consumed vegetables effects of thermal treatment. Food Chem 103(1) 106-114. 

Castaldi P, Garau G, Melis P (2008) Maturity assessment of compost from municipal solid waste through the study of enzyme activities and water-soluble fractions. Waste Management 28 534-540... 

Snow, especially its water-soluble fraction, is one of the most sensitive and informative indicators of mass-transfer in the chain air - soil - drinking water. Therefore analytical data on snow-melt samples were selected for inter-laboratory quality control. Inter-laboratory verification of analytical results estimated in all the groups have shown that relative standard errors for the concentrations of all the determined elements do not exceed (5-15)% in the concentration range 0.01 - 10000 microg/1, which is consistent with the metrological characteristics of the methods employed. All analytical data collected by different groups of analysts were tested for reliability and... 

GC-MS (electron impact, El), 1H and 13C-NMR analysis indicated the cyclic trimer with all the EO chains cleaved [8 m = 3 R = H] as the major component of the heptane-soluble fraction of acid-degraded M2D-C3-0-(E0)n-CH3. The 1H and 13C spectra of the water-soluble fraction were indicative of linear disilanol structures, i.e. D(OH)2-C3-0-(E0)n-R, 6, or other linear disilanols (7 R1, R2 = H), and 29Si-NMR studies indicated formation of cyclic and linear structures [10]. 

When fish of both populations were exposed to 80 yg/1 14c-aldrin, dieldrin was the only detectable metabolite in the organic extracts of the liver. The percentage of radioactivity in the water-soluble fraction in both populations was small. Although previous work had indicated a greater production of water-soluble metabolite(s) in the R population (15), more recent work indicated that the relative proportion of racTToactivity in the water-soluble fraction was similar in both populations (Table VII). 

Table VII - Radioactivity in Water-soluble Fractions of Livers of Susceptible (S) and Resistant (R) Fish Exposed to 80 yg/l 14C-aldrin for 6 hra... 

No metabolites of dieldrin were observed in organic extracts of livers of either S or R fish exposed to 30 yg/l 4c-dieldrin for 6 hr (5j (Table IX). A small percentage of the radioactivity was found in the water-soluble fraction. Therefore, it appears that little metabolism of dieldrin occurs in mosquitofish livers in either population. In addition, the degree of intoxication in S fish did not appear to affect the metabolism either qualitatively or quantitatively. 

However, there are some potential effects of spilled oil on fish. The impacfs on fish are primarily to fhe eggs and larvae, wifh limited effecfs on fhe adulls. The sensitivity varies by species pink salmon fry are affected by exposure to water-soluble fractions of crnde oil, and pink salmon eggs are very tolerant to benzene and water-soluble petroleum. The general effects are difficnlt to assess and document quantitatively, dne to the seasonal and natural variability of the species. Fish rapidly metabolize aromatic hydrocarbons, due to their enzyme system. 

Naphthalene and its homologs are less acutely toxic than benzene but are more prevalent for a longer period during oil spills. The toxicity of different crude oils and refined oils depends not only on the total concentration of hydrocarbons but also the hydrocarbon composition in the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of petroleum, water solubility, concentrations of individual components, and toxicity of the components. The water-soluble fractions prepared from different oils wiU vary in these parameters. Water-soluble fractions (WSFs) of refined oils (e.g.. No. 2 fuel oil and bunker C oil) are more toxic than water-soluble fraction of crude oil to several species of fish (killifish and salmon). Compounds with either more rings or methyl substitutions are more toxic than less substituted compounds, but tend to be less water soluble and thus less plentiful in the water-soluble fraction. 

There are indications that pure naphthalene (a constituent of mothballs, which are, by definition, toxic to moths) and alkylnaphthalenes are from three to 10 times more toxic to test animals than are benzene and alkylbenzenes. In addition, and because of the low water solubility of tricyclic and polycyclic (polynuclear) aromatic hydrocarbons (i.e., those aromatic hydrocarbons heavier than naphthalene), these compounds are generally present at very low concentrations in the water-soluble fraction of oil. Therefore, the results of this smdy and others conclude that the soluble aromatics of crude oil (such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and naphthalenes) produce the majority of its toxic effects in the enviromnent. 

Thomas and Delfino (1991) equilibrated contaminant-free groundwater collected from Gainesville, FL with individual fractions of three individual petroleum products at 24-25 °C for 24 h. The aqueous phase was analyzed for organic compounds via U.S. EPA approved test method 625. Average acenaphthene concentrations reported in water-soluble fractions of unleaded... 

Detected in a distilled water-soluble fraction of used motor oil at concentrations ranging from 4.5 to 4.6 pg/L (Chen et al., 1994). 

Source Concentrations in 8 diesel fuels ranged from 0.026 to 40 mg/L with a mean value of 6.275 mg/L (Westerholm and Li, 1994). Lee et al. (1992) reported concentration ranges of 100-300 mg/L and 0.04-2 pg/L in diesel fuel and corresponding aqueous phase (distilled water), respectively. Schauer et al. (1999) reported anthracene in diesel fuel at a concentration of 5 pg/g and in a diesel-powered medium-duty truck exhaust at an emission rate of 12.5 pg/km. Anthracene was detected in a distilled water-soluble fraction of used motor oil at concentrations ranging from 1.1 to 1.3 pg/L (Chen et al., 1994). 

Source Detected in distilled water-soluble fractions of 87 octane gasoline (24.0 mg/L), 94 octane gasoline (80.7 mg/L), Gasohol (32.3 mg/L), No. 2 fuel oil (0.50 mg/L), jet fuel A (0.23 mg/L), diesel fuel (0.28 mg/L), militaryjet fuel JP-4 (17.6 mg/L) (Potter, 1996), new motor oil (0.37-0.40 jg/L), and used motor oil (195-198 Jg/L) (Chen et ah, 1994). Diesel fuel obtained from a service station in Schlieren, Switzerland contained benzene at a concentration of 76 mg/L (Schluep et al, 2001). The average volume percent and estimated mole fraction in American Petroleum Institute PS-6 gasoline were 2.082 and 0.2969, respectively (Poulsen et al, 1992). Schauer et al. (1999) reported benzene in a diesel-powered medium-duty truck exhaust at an emission rate of 2,740 pg/km. 

Thomas and Delfino (1991) equilibrated contaminant-free groundwater collected from Gainesville, FL with individual fractions of three individual petroleum products at 24-25 °C for 24 h. The aqueous phase was analyzed for organic compounds via U.S. EPA approved test method 602. Average benzene concentrations reported in water-soluble fractions of unleaded gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel were 8.652, 0.349, and 0.200 mg/L, respectively. When the authors analyzed the aqueous-phase via U.S. EPA approved test method 610, average benzene concentrations in water-soluble fractions of unleaded gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel were lower, i.e., 1.107, 0.073, and 0.066 mg/L, respectively. 

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