Ecotoxicological evaluation

Among the possible alternative methods, in vitro assay (for ATMs) and quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) models (for ANTMs) are the most applied approaches in the toxicological and ecotoxicological evaluation of chemicals profiles, even in the field of environmental research and risk assessment. 

Berto J, Rochenbach GC, Barreiros MAA, Correa AXR, Silva SP, Radetski CM (2009) Physico-chemical microbiological and ecotoxicological evaluation of a septic tank/Fenton reaction combination for the treatment of hospital wastewaters. Ecotox Environ Safe 72 1076-1081... 

Wetzel, A. Werner, D. Ecotoxicological evaluation of contaminated soil using the legume root nodule symbiosis as effect parameters. Environ. Toxic. Water Quahty 1995, 10, 127-133. 

Zurita J.L., A. Jos, A. del Peso, M. Salguero, M. Lopez-Artiguez, and G. Repetto (2005). Ecotoxicological evaluation of the antimalarial drug chloroquine. Aquatic Toxicology 75 97-107. 

Van Straalen, N.M., Dermeman, C.A.J. (1989). Ecotoxicological evaluation of soil quality criteria. Ecotoxicology and Envionmental Safety, 18, 241-251. 

Aquatic ecotoxicology evaluates the probability of an adverse impact of a substance on the aquatic environment at the present as well as in the future, considering the total flow into the system (Klein, 1999). It encompasses laboratory ecotoxicity tests on appropriate test organisms to explore relationships between exposure and effect under controlled conditions as well as studies of the effects of substances or effluents under a variety of ecological conditions in complex field ecosystems (Chapman, 1995). 

Eberins M, Berns A, Schuphan I (1997) Ozonation of pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene in silica and soil - l4C-mass balances and chemical analysis of oxidation products as a first step to ecotoxicological evaluation, Fresenius Journal Analytical Chemistry 359 274-279. 

Diaz-Baez, M.C., Sanchez, W.A., Dutka, B.J., Ronco, A., Castillo, G., Pica-Granados, Y., Castillo, L.E., Ridal, J., Arkhipchuk, V. and Srivastava, R.C. (2002) Overview of results from the WaterTox intercalibration and environmental testing phase II program part 2, ecotoxicological evaluation of drinking water supplies, Environmental Toxicology 17 (3), 241-249. 

Jos, A., Repetto, G., Rios, J.C., Hazen, M.J., Molero, M.L., del Peso, A., Salguero, M., Fernandez-Freire, P., Perez-Martin, M. and Camean, A. (2003) Ecotoxicological evaluation of carbamazepine using six different model systems with eighteen endpoints, Toxicology in Vitro 17 (5-6), 525-532. 

Terzaghi, C., Buffagni, M., Cantelli, D., Bonfanti, P. and Camatini, M. (1998) Physical-chemical and ecotoxicological evaluation of water based drilling fluids used in Italian off-shore, Chemosphere 37 (14-15), 2859-2871. 

Pedersen, F., Kristensen, P., Damborg, A., and Christensen, Fl.W., Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Industrial Wastewater, Ministry of the Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1994. 

Barahona LM, Loyo L, Guerrero M, Ramirez S, Romero I, Jarquin CV, Albores A. 2005. Ecotoxicological evaluation of diesel-contaminated soil before and after a bioremediation process. Environ Toxicol 20 100-109. 

Past emphasis has been primarily on analytical approaches to the detection of specific, targeted contaminants, thus allowing chemical characterisation. However, toxicity testing or biological assessment is necessary for ecotoxicological evaluation, and this offers marked benefits and advantages that complement chemical analysis. 

The assessment of these compounds and the establishment of an ADI (acceptable daily intake), to be explained later, or MRL (maximum residue limit) are carried out by an international committee of the WHO (Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues). The World Health Organization publishes toxicological and ecotoxicological evaluations of potential environmental toxicants in the International Proceedings on Chemical Safety in the series "Environmental Health Criteria."... 

Fig. s 10a and 10b shows the Hasse diagrams after single clustering of each attribute (parameter) for AE sediments using a cluster number of FCL=4 and a TMF=0.8. The equivalence classes Kl and K2 in the ecotoxicological evaluation are the only minimal elements, i.e. compared to all samples above their members have the lowest values in all tests. Except K2 all samples are comparable with Kl. The fact that except AE9/94, AE6/94 and AE3/95 all samples above Kl (AE12/92, AE9/93, AE6/95) have been taken at a later date indicates an increasing pollution for AE. Using chemical concentrations for evaluation the temporal trend seems to be contrary. However, both recent samples AE4/01 and AE8/01 are isolated, i.e. not comparable to all other samples. A sensitivity analysis (see e.g. Heininger et al. 2003) shows that the evaluation is most sensitive to the nitrogen content, where omitting this nutrient compensates the isolation of AE4/01 and AE8/01 (see Fig. 11). Moreover, sample AE4/01 is now a minimal element and therefore emphasizes the indication of a decline of the...

G. Schmaus, B. Beck, G. Matuschek, and A. Kettrup. Thermolysis of new plastics and ecotoxicological evaluation. J. Therm. Anal, 47 485M91,1996. 

Human toxicology is concerned with collecting data on the effects of exposure to a test substance in order to assess the potential of that substance to cause harm to man. Ecotoxicology evaluates the potential of a substance to accumulate, persist or cause harm in living organisms following release into the air, water and soil compartments of the environment. 

Quats Toxicity. The structure of the quats has a big effect on the toxicity as evidenced by germicidal activity associated with the many structures of quats [66]. The ecotoxicological evaluation of quats should consider if the quat s function is as a germicide or as a surfactant, or as a fabric softener/antistatic agent. Studies on quats toxicity are designed from the viewpoint that these compounds are present at low concentra-... 

If the biodegradation intermediate is not ultimately biodegraded, further investigation on its fate is needed the identification of its biodegradation metabolites and the environmental distribution of substances recalcitrant to ultimate biodegradation is the starting point for any further ecotoxicological evaluation. 

Bellas, J. Saco-Alvarez, L. Nieto, O. Beiras, R. 2008. Ecotoxicological evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using marine invertebrate embiyo-larval bioassays. Marine Pollution Bulletin, v.57, p.493-502. 

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