2-ethyl hexanoates

Typically, soHd stabilizers utilize natural saturated fatty acid ligands with chain lengths of Cg—C g. Ziac stearate [557-05-1/, ziac neodecanoate [27253-29-8] calcium stearate [1592-23-0] barium stearate [6865-35-6] and cadmium laurate [2605-44-9] are some examples. To complete the package, the soHd products also contain other soHd additives such as polyols, antioxidants, and lubricants. Liquid stabilizers can make use of metal soaps of oleic acid, tall oil acids, 2-ethyl-hexanoic acid, octylphenol, and nonylphenol. Barium bis(nonylphenate) [41157-58-8] ziac 2-ethyIhexanoate [136-53-8], cadmium 2-ethyIhexanoate [2420-98-6], and overbased barium tallate [68855-79-8] are normally used ia the Hquid formulations along with solubilizers such as plasticizers, phosphites, and/or epoxidized oils. The majority of the Hquid barium—cadmium formulations rely on barium nonylphenate as the source of that metal. There are even some mixed metal stabilizers suppHed as pastes. The U.S. FDA approved calcium—zinc stabilizers are good examples because they contain a mixture of calcium stearate and ziac stearate suspended ia epoxidized soya oil. Table 4 shows examples of typical mixed metal stabilizers. 

Year 2-Ethyl hexanoates Stearates N aphthenates TaUates Ole ate s Total s... 

Open times of two-component urethanes can vary widely, depending on the level of catalyst. Reaction times can vary from 90 s to over 8 h. Dibutyltin dilaurate is the most common catalyst employed to catalyze the urethane reaction. This is normally added to the polyol side. A tertiary amine may also be added in small amounts. Tin catalysts do not catalyze the amine/isocyanate reaction very well. Acids, such as 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, may be employed to catalyze the amine/isocyanate reaction where needed. 

The mixture was filtered, the ethyl acetate layer separated and washed with three 100 ml portions of water, dried over Na2S04, filtered and treated with 30 ml of sodium 2-ethyl-hexanoate in n-butanol (34 ml = 0.1 mol). The oil which settled out was scratched to induce crystallization. After stirring for 20 minutes the product, sodium 7-(a-bromoacet-amido)cephalosporanate, was scraped from the sides of the flask and collected. The filter cake was washed with several portions of acetone, air dried, and dried in vacuo over P Os. The yield was 22.5 g and decomposed at 193°C. 

D(—)-a-amlnophenylacetamido] penicillanic acid Trimethylsilyl chloride Sodium 2-ethyl hexanoate... 

To this acid was then added 1 g of 4-ethyl-2,3-dioxo-1-piperazinocarbonyl chloride (from the reaction of N-ethylethylenediamine and diethyl oxalate to give 2,3-dioxo-4-ethyl-piperazine which Is then reacted with phosgene) and the resulting mixture was reacted at 15°C to 20°C for 2 hours. After the reaction, a deposited triethylamine hydrochloride was separated by filtration, and the filtrate was incorporated with 0.4 g of n-butanol to deposit crystals. The deposited crystals were collected by filtration to obtain 1.25 g of white crystals of 6-[ D(—l-Ct-(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxo-1 -piperazinocarbonylaminolphenylacetamido] penicillanic acid. Into a solution of these crystals in 30 ml of tetrahydrofuran was dropped a solution of 0.38 g of a sodium salt of 2-ethyl-hexanoic acid in 10 ml of tetrahydrofuran, upon which white crystals were deposited. The deposited crystals were collected by filtration, sufficiently washed with tetrahydrofuran and then dried to obtain 1.25 g of sodium salt of 6-[D(—)-a-(4-ethyl-2,3-di-0X0-1-piperazinocarbonylaminolphenylacetamido] penicillanic acid, melting point 183°C to 185°C (decomposition), yield 90%. 

The solution to this problem has been to isolate the lactide and to polymerize this directly using a tin(ii) 2-(ethyl)hexanoate catalyst at temperatures between 140 and 160 °C. By controlling the amounts of water and lactic acid in the polymerization reactor the molecular weight of the polymer can be controlled. Since lactic acid exists as d and L-optical isomers, three lactides are produced, d, l and meso (Scheme 6.11). The properties of the final polymer do not depend simply on the molecular weight but vary significantly with the optical ratios of the lactides used. In order to get specific polymers for medical use the crude lactide mix is extensively recrystallized, to remove the meso isomer leaving the required D, L mix. This recrystallization process results in considerable waste, with only a small fraction of the lactide produced being used in the final polymerization step. Hence PLA has been too costly to use as a commodity polymer. 

Consider the case of the production of peroxy esters (e.g. tert-buty] peroxy 2-ethyl hexanoate), based on the reaction between the corresponding acid chloride and the hydroperoxide in the presence of NaOH or KOH. These are highly temperature sensitive and violently unstable, and solvent impurities are detrimental in their applications for polymerization. Batch operations to produce even 1000 tpa will be unsafe. A continuous reactor can overcome most of the problems and claims have been made for producing purer chemicals at lower capital and operation cost the use of solvent can be avoided. Continuous reactors can produce seven to ten times more material per unit volume than batch processes. Since the amount of hazardous product present in the unit at any given time is small, protective barrier walls may be unneccessary (Kohn, 1978). 

Are used to accelerate autoxidation and hardening of oxidisable coatings. Metal soaps, used as paint driers, can be made from a variety of carboxylic acids, including the commercially important naphthenic and 2-ethyl hexanoic acids, tall oil, fatty acids, neodecanoic and isononanoic acid. Cobalt is unquestionably the most active drier metal available. Metallic driers such as cobalt naphthenate or octoate and zinc salts can interact with UVAs, HALS, or AOs. 

The use of soluble zinc soap activators such as zinc 2-ethyl hexanoate instead of conventional stearic acid gives efficiency of vulcanisation and ensures that stress relaxation and creep properties are optimised. Zinc soaps, including the new high efficiency activating types, do not bloom from the compound, either during processing or subsequently during service. 

Steele, W.V., Chirico, R.D., Knipmeyer, S.E., and Nguyen, A. Vapor pressure, heat capacity, and density along the saturation line, measurements for cyclohexanol, 2-cyclohexen-l-one, 1,2-dichloropropane, 1,4-di-ferf-butyl benzene, (+)-2-ethyl-hexanoic acid, 2-(methylamino)ethanol, perfluoro-n-heptane, and sulfolane, / Chem. Eng. ilafa, 42(6) 1021-1036,1997a. 

Eor example, in the intestinal tract and liver of both humans and animals DEHP is rapidly hydrolyzed by esterases to yield mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and 2-ethylhexanol [25]. The latter metabolite is subsequently oxidized enzymatically to 2-ethyl hexanoic acid (2-EHXA) [26]. MEHP, 2-hethylhexanol, and/or their metabolites are the immediate inducers of the majority of enzymes known to be affected by exposure of DEHP [27]. Due to the high importance of the primary and secondary PAE metabolites in the human exposure smdies, during the last years a big number of smdies have been conducted to prove that some of them are appropriate biomarkers to calculate human PAE intake [28-30] and that their determination is easier than calculate it through food intake, which are more time consuming and subjects to several error sources. 

The major urinary metabolite of di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, 2-ethylhexanoic acid, has been shown to be an appropriate marker for biological monitoring of dietary di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate intake (Loftus etal., 1993, 1994). A limited population study in the United Kingdom was undertaken to estimate the daily intake of di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate following intake of a mean dose of 5.4 mg di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate presented with food. The study involved the determination of the urinary metabolite, 2-ethyl-hexanoic acid (24-h mine sample) in 112 individuals from five geographical locations. A skewed distribution with a median value for the daily intake of 2.7 mg was determined (Loftus et al., 1994). This value is about one third of the indirectly estimated maximum intake of 8. 2 mg per day. The probability of a daily intake in excess of 8.2 mg in the limited population (112 individuals) was calculated to be 3% (Loftus etal, 1994). 

A reactor was charged with 100 ml of toluene, 6,6-dimethyl-l,4-dioxane-2,5-dione (0.138 mol), poly(ethylene-glycol) (0.00578 mol 1000 Da), and tin(II)-2-ethyl-hexanoate (90% in 2-ethylhexanoic acid (0.141 mmol) and then refluxed for 24 hours using a Soxhlet extractor. The mixture was then cooled and concentrated. 

A 25-ml scintillation vial was charged with the step 1 product (7 g), tin(II)-2-ethyl-hexanoate, and ethylene glycol (7.507 mmol) and then thoroughly shaken using a KEM-Lab vortex mixer at 35 rpm. This mixture was then treated with 4,4 -methylene-bis(cyclohexylisocyanate) (11.262 mmol) and then further shaken by the vortex mixer for 1 minute. The vial was then placed into a heat shaker for 15 minutes and stirred to ensure its consistency and then returned to the heat shaker for 3.45 hours. Half of the hot mixture was removed from the vial and placed into a second vial, which was treated with 15 ml of /V, V-d i met h I ace tam i de and put onto the shaker until the biodegradable elastomer was dissolved. This solution was then precipitated in 1000 ml of water, the dissolution/precipitation process being repeated twice. Thereafter the precipitated polymer was isolated and purified by lyophilization. 

Materials L-lactide(LLA)[Aldrich, 99+%], stannous 2-ethyl hexanoate,Sn(Oct)2, catalyst[Sigma, 95%] and the purifying solvents were utilized according to the reported commercial purity. Dihydroxy-terminated PCL ranging in molecular weight from oligomeric compounds[530 and 2000(2K) Daltons] to polymeric species[43,000(43K) and 80,000(80K) Daltons] were obtained from Aldrich and Union Carbide, respectively. 

The literature reports direct grafting by gamma-rays exposure of Nylon fibers or films to the following monomers carbon monoxide (/65), ethylene (157), propylene (157), acetylene (166), butadiene (157.162,163), styrene (158, 161,163,167,168), vinyl chloride (157,163), vinyl fluoride (169-172), vinyl acetate (161,163,173), vinyl propionate (161), vinyl butyrate (161), vinyl crotonate (161), vinyl 2-ethyl hexanoate (161), acrylic add (173,174), methyl acrylate (162, 163), ethyl acrylate (162,163), allyl acrylate (163), methyl methacrylate (28,161, 163,164), butyl methacrylate (161), acrylamide (158), methylol acrylamide (163), acrylonitrile (157,160-163, 167, 175-179), divinyl sulfone (161), vinyl pyridine (167,173), vinyl pyrrolidone (28) and triallyl cyanurate (158). 

The filtrate was brought to pH = 1.8 with 10% hydrochloric acid. The ether layer was separated and the aqueous layer washed with ethyl acetate (3x2 L). The combined organic layers were washed with 5% KHS04 (3x1 L), water (3 x 1 L) and brine (1 L), dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo to yield 398.9 g of crude [R,lS,4S]-4-Cyclohexyl-l-[[[2-methyl-l-(l-oxopropoxy)propoxy](4-phenylbutyl)phosphinyl]acetyl]-L-proline, monosodium salt (isomer B). The crude product was dissolved in acetone (4393 ml), treated with a solution of 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, sodium salt (117.3 g) in acetone (1468 ml), then stirred at room temperature overnight. The resultant precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with acetone (3 x 400 ml) and hexane (1 L) then dried in vacuo. Yield 277 g, m.p. 195-196°C, [a]D= -5.1° (MeOH, c = 2), HI = 99.8%. Isomer "A" was not detectable. 

Initial scale up of the enzymatic resolution for production of kilogram quantities of (R)-2-amino-2-ethylhexanoic acid was performed in a batch process. The oil of ethyl 2-amino-2-ethyl-hexanoate was suspended in an equal volume of water containing the enzyme. The enantioselective hydrolysis of the ester proceeded at room temperature with titration of the produced acid by NaOH through a pH stat (Figure 6.4). 

The oxidation of cyclohexane is accompanied by the oxidative degradation of the products. In other words, the products themselves undergo metal-initiated radical chain oxidation. For this reason oxidation is normally carried out at low conversions when the selectivity to the desired products is high. The catalysts used are a mixture of hydrocarbon soluble carboxylate salts of Co2+ and Mn2+ or Cr3+. Due to the better solubility properties, salts of long-chain carboxylic acids such as 2-ethyl hexanoic or naphthenic acids are favored. As already mentioned, the primary role of the metal ions is to act as catalysts for the initiation steps. In other words, the metal ions undergo redox reactions with 8.9 to give 8.10 and 8.11. 

Preparation of 1-Hydroperoxy-l,3-Dimethyl Butyl Peroxy-2-Ethyl Hexanoate... 

SYNS a-ETHYLCAPROIC ACID 2-ETHYL-HEXANOIC ACID 2-ETHYLHEXOIC ACID... 

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