N-Methylol acrylamide

Monomers like N-methylol acrylamide or N-methylol methacrylamide [1081] also have been suggested. Inhibitors can be phenol derivatives [1079] such as N-nitrosophenylhydroxylamine salt [1179]. 

N-methylol acrylamide or N-methylol methacrylamide can be polymerized with peroxides to obtain plugging [1079,1080]. Suitable inhibitors may be used as retarders of the polymerization process to ensure sufficient pot life time. The components are in the form of a preemulsion. 

Bonardi, C., Christou, Ph., Llauro-Darricades, M.E., Guillot, J., Guyot, A. and Pichot, C., 1989, Polymer Latex III International Conference, Characterization of Acrylic Latexes Functionalized by N-Methylol Acrylamide, 6/1-6/14, Plastics and Rubber Institute, London. 

Acrylonitrile N-methylol acrylamide Acrylamide Ethylene sulfonic acid Allyl sulfonic acid Crosslinker (3) Semicrystalline polymers (2)... 

Crosslinking monomers include N-methylol acrylamide, acrylamide, further, acrylamidobutyraldehyde, dimethyl acetal, diethyl... 

In order to overcome the reactivity ratio problem of AA, the use of acrylic monomers, such as -butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, N-methylol acrylamide, and acrylamide have been suggested (14,15). Also, the use of water insoluble comonomers based on acrylamide has been described (16). 

High mobility hydrophilic interfacial polymer chain will expand in the aqueous phase and therefore exhibit narrow lines in the NMR spectrum. The N-methylol acrylamide (NMA) in the functionalised butyl acrylate latex showed narrower carbonyl line than that of butyl acrylate [132]. The concentration of these hydrophilic groups is affected by the monomer concentration of NMA and also the timing of the addition of the monomer during the reaction. 

Wu and Schork [152] compared batch and semibatch and mini- and macroemulsion polymerization for three monomer systems, VAc/BA, VAc/dioctyl maleate (DOM) and VAc/n-methylol acrylamide (NMA), with large differences in reactivity ratios and water solubilities. HD was used as the costabilizer. (It should be noted that DOM could function as a costabilizer itself, but for the sake of consistency, HD was added to the DOM polymerizations.) KPS and the... 

Fyrol 76 is a reactive, curable flame retardant for textiles, in p>articular for cotton fabric (27, 28), vhere it co-reacts with N-methylol-acrylamide in the presence of a free radical catalyst such as a persulfate. In the 70 s the applicatiai of Fyrol 76 was one of the most oommcxi methods to obtain flame-proof cotton, vhich was utilized, for example, by Cone Mills CorpxDration for the manufacture of flame-proof p>ajamas for children. 

Aqueous polyvinyl alcohol solutions containing 5-20% N-methylol-acrylamide and a triarylsulfonium salt are film cast onto a substrate and dried. On irradiation, the free radical polymerization of the N-methylolacrylamide proceeds rapidly. 

A widely used self-condensable monomer is N-methylol acrylamide. This monomer undergoes a self-condensation reaction as well as reactions with hydroxyl and carboxyl moieties. The methylol functional groups can also react with epoxides or other methylol or methylol ether groups. Typically, N-methylol acrylamide is employed at concentrations of 3-7 wt% in latex coatings formulations [Daniels and Klein, 1991]. 

Vinyl esters Resorcinol N-methylol acrylamide Woodworking adhesives Mudge et al. V.S. Pat., 5,434,216, 1995 National Starch... 

Acrylic ester PVC Polymer 3 melamine formaldehyde N-methylol acrylamide Water-based coating Leeson and Ludwig V.S. Pat., 4,007,147, 1977 Goodrich... 

SBR PVC N-methylol acrylamide in SBR-based latex Heat sealable PVC films Wietsma and Stam U.S. Pat., 5,166,269, 1992 BASF... 

Poly(vinyl halide) Acrylic N-methylol acrylamide in acrylic Dielectric sealing Yannich and Katz U.S. Pat., 4,684,689, 1989 National Starch... 

MAJOR USES Production of polyacrylamide polymers used as a chemical intermediate in the production of N-methylol acrylamide and N-butoxyacrylamide absorbent in disposable diapers, medical products and agricultural products sugar beet juice clarification adhesives printing ink emulsion stabilizers thickening agents for agricultural sprays. 

Batch emulsion copolymerization of VAc and BuA was carried out using a nonionic emulsifier (30 mol ethoxylated nonylphenol, NP 30), a new oligomeric stabilizator (N-methylol acrylamide, AMOL), Nopco-1497 as antifoam agent, and ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator by changing monomer ratios from 100 0 to 0 100 for VAc BuA in the loop reactor. The monomer ratio of VAc and BuA were changed in the copolymerization (VAc BuA 100 0, 90 10, 75 25, 60 40, 50 50, 40 60, 25 75, 10 90 and 0 100) at 70°C and 400 rpm constant stirring rate in the loop reactor. Some detailed information about loop reactor was given in literature... 

Many acrylic copolymers are currently used in the textile industry as binders for nonwoven fabrics. The purpose of these fibers is to stabilize the material. In many instances, these copolymers are used in conjunction with amino resins. Casanovas and Rovira have done a study of methyl methacrylate-ethyl acrylate-N-methylol-acrylamide by PY/GC-MS. Among the products identified were methane, ethylene, propene, isobutene, methanol, propionaldehyde, ethanol, ethyl acetate, methyl acrylate, methyl isobutyrate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, n-propyl acrylate, and ethyl methacrylate. In this sample, clearly monomer reversion is the primary degradation process occurring however, several other degradation mechanisms are at work. When the sample contains an amino resin in the mixture, acrylonitrile is observed in the pyrogram. Another effect of the amino presence was a marked increase in the amount of methanol detected. Other products detected were meth-oxyhydrazine, methyl isocyanate, and methyl isocyanide. 

The use of acrylic acid not only led to a functionalization of nanoparticles, but also was important as a structure-directing monomer for the formation of nanocapsules. In this case, the hydrophilic groups of the acrylic acid [30] or methacrylic acid [31] resulted in the formation of a nanocapsule structure, instead of Janus-like or even separate nanoparticles. The copolymerization of the functional n-methylol acrylamide with vinyl acetate was found to follow (in batch miniemulsion) the Mayo-Lewis equation, despite huge differences in the solubility of the monomers in the aqueous continuous phase [32]. A functionality of fluori-nated particles could be easily introduced by copolymerizing fluoroalkylacrylates with protonated monomers, such as acrylic acid and methacryloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride [33]. 

Polyvinyl alcohol is copolymerized with cross-linkable comonomers N-methylol acrylamide is self-curing. Carboxylic acid comonomers are cured by epoxy, urea, or phenolic resins. 

The field of latex blends and their cross-linked counterparts has been especially active see Tables 6.4 and 6.5. Even in Table 6.4, where no cross-linkers are specified in the claims, it is likely that in many instances, the final product will contain some cross-linking. No. 4 in Table 6.4, for example, mentions a gelling agent. All the materials in Table 6.5 have a cross-linker in either one or both of the latexes. Both the N-methylol acrylamides and the ureido-functional groups described above appear in Table 6.5. The reader should note the use of both large and small latex pairs, as well as hard and soft latex pairs, in terms of making useful materials. 

Moreover, some water-soluble functional monomers can be used in emulsion copoljanerizations or terpol)anerizations. Acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, fumaric add, crotonic acid, maleic acid, itoconic acid, N-methylol acrylamide and some pol)mierizable monomer containing amines, amides and acetoacetates are used alone and in combination with each other to improve the stability and adhesion properties of VAc emulsion pol)miers. 

Fig. 8 Water absorption of a wood/MMA-g-starch/glutaraldehyde b wood/MMA-g-starch/n-methylol acrylamide c wood/MMA-g-starch/DMDHEU...

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