Saturation line

Where is the ratio of the irradiated to unirradiated elastic modulus. The dislocation pinning contribution to the modulus change is due to relatively mobile small defects and is thermally annealable at 2000°C. Figure 13 shows the irradiation-induced elastic modulus changes for GraphNOL N3M. The low dose change due to dislocation piiming (dashed line) saturates at a dose <1 dpa. 

Saturation as described above can be observed either when all the molecules in the initial state have the same absorption probability, or when some of the state population is preferentially absorbed, depending on the spatial orientation of the molecules or on their transition frequency, selected from a certain frequency interval. The first case is called homogeneous line saturation, the second is due to inhomogeneous saturation or hole-burning. This different cases will be explained in more detail by discussing some relevant experiments. 

For single crystals with STs well separated from the CT line, saturating or inverting STs without disturbing the CT is in principle straightforward, with use of frequency-selective pulses this is illustrated in Figure 5. For powders, on the other hand, the quadrupolar first-order broadened ST... 

Because dark current limits the integration times obtainable at room temperature, Peltier cooling (to -150C) is used to reduce thermal population of the conduction band. In contrast to the silicon vidicon and the SIT [vide infra], where the presence of intense radiation may bloom out the entire sensor, blooming is greatly reduced with photodiode arrays even when intense lines saturate individual diodes. 

With cw, the increase of the recording time constant is not as efficient as expected because the low-frequency components of the noise are stronger and the reduction of the sweep speed increases line saturation. But with digital memory oscilloscopes and computers it is now possible to repeat the sweeps and average the different recordings. The improvement on a given line is obvious. The experiment is relatively easy to set up and it has been used for Stark effect studies 14).But the stability and reproducibility needed in the search of new lines, with broader sweeps, make this technique somewhat difficult to use and no suclt experiment seems so far to have been reported for nitrogen. 

Fig. 11.1 The reduced internal magnetic field HrSXlJHJf)) plotted as a function of the reduced temperature T/Tq. HJS>) is the value of the field at absolute zero and Tc is the Curie temperature. The dots represent Mbssbauer data, the solid line saturation magnetisation data, and the upper dashed line the n.m.r. measurements. The lower dashed line is drawn with the temperature scale expanded tenfold. [Ref. 1. Fig. 8]...

The standard procedure for the manufacture of ammonium sulfate from coal gas involves several steps. The gas is first cooled to ca. 32°C (90°F) in an appropriate condensation system. Most of the tar, which is a very troublesome contaminant of ammonium sulfate (and vice versa), condenses and, in addition, much of the water containing approximately 25% of the ammonia, primarily as ammonium salts, also condenses. This water is rendered basic (lime treatment), thereby converting the ammonium ion to ammonia, which is recovered by being stripped off in a lime still and placed back in the coal gas stream. The coal gas stream is heated to above its dew point (approximately 65°C 150°F) and the ammonia is adsorbed in 5%-10% sulfuric acid solution contained in a lead-lined saturator at a temperature of 50°C-60°C (120°F-140°F) ammonium sulfate crystals precipitate from the sulfuric acid solution. 

Power Dependence of Lines. Detailed studies of the power dependence of different sections of the spectrum using a wide range of laser powers show no evidence for two photon, or multiphoton processes. It is seen that f or the strongest lines saturation may occur at laser powers of 5W, and the spectrum is therefore considerably simplified at low laser powers. 

We see that the values of 3d-4f linewidths of normal R metals and oxides obtained either (i) by neglecting the instrumental broadening effects or (ii) by overestimating these and (iii) invoking line saturation effects differ considerably. Also, some doubt persists as to whether 3d-4f linewidths of R are really influenced by the existence, in soUds, of further decay paths for the 3d hole in the presence of an excited 4f electron. From the experimental standpoint, this situation is further complicated if we consider an observation under the same resolution of the narrower 3d-4f lines in R fluorides (Kamatak et al. 1981) and unusually broad lines or multiplets in R dioxides (Kamatak et al. 1987a,b). Thus, it became cmcial to know whether, in certain chemical environments, the change observed in the 3d-4f line or multiplet widths is a real one. For this reason a quantitative estimate of instrumental and other broadening effects became necessary. 

Esteva and Kamatak (1987) proposed a semi-quantitative estimate of line saturation effects usually encountered in absorption measurements by transmission and photoyield methods. The estimate of line saturation was obtained by conqiaring the 3d linewidth of La obtained by photo yield and by resonant photon scattering. Some quantitative information on the line saturation effect was obtained fi om resonant photon scattering experiments. As opposed to the election yield method, in the latter experiments, the scattered photon is detected as a function of incident photon energy. Spectra are scaimed around the 3ds/2 and 3d3/2 resonance absorption lines. The process involved in the scattering is complementary to photoexcitation, in which remission of a photon due to de-excitation of a 4f electron occurs. 

Fig. 23. Separation and saturation. A chamber with normal saturation (NS). The arrows indicate solvent evaporation from the layer and the dots symbolise the vapour density. B chamber saturated with solvent by means of filter paper lining, saturated with the solvent (CS). C reduction of the chamber volume using the...

Use rectangular glass N-tanks in each case. Develop organochlorines in a paper-lined, saturated tank until the mobile phase reaches the top of the plate. Develop OP pesticides and carbamates in unsaturated tanks for a distance of 10 cm above the origin. 

The environmental conditions must be from 500 °F to below —67 °F, with glue lines saturated with water and aircraft fluids. 

TABLE 7. Experimental Study of the Thermodynamic Properties of Freon-20 on the Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium Line (Saturation)... 

The results of the Langevin PB equation are shown in Fig. 3. The dielectric constant near a wall decreases as the alignment of dipoles to field lines saturates, 1. This is an opposite trend to that found in the dipolar PB equation, which... 

Fig.3.18. Absorption profile of an inhomogeneous line saturated by a monochromatic pump wave at wg and probed by a weak probe wave tuned across the line profile...

Like their atomic counterparts, molecular lines saturate when the populations have reached the values associated with strict equilibrium with the incoming radiation. This occurs first at the line center. Any motion in the medium, ordered or random, will broaden the line and thus the molecules will see radiation at other wavelengths against which they can absorb, or into which they can emit. If the medium is optically thick at line center but the velocity dispersion is large, the overall optical depth can be considerably reduced by spreading out the line in frequency. 

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