Organic combination

Sulfonation of castor oil using anhydrous SO yields a product having better hydrolytic stabiUty than that from the sulfuric acid reaction. The organically combined SO is low compared to the amount of SO introduced to the reaction the final product contains only 8.0—8.5 wt % combined SO although 17 wt % SO is added. The product contains less inorganic salts and free fatty acids than the sulfuric acid product (36). 

FIG. 2.7. Illustration of the way in which multi-cellular organisms combine their cells physically through extracellular connective tissue, often calcified, to give shape and developed cell-cell communication through elements and chemicals. Note that all this evolution was made possible by oxidation following inevitably from the release of 02... 

Other elements which occur in organic compounds, such as phosphorus, arsenic, other non-metals, and metals in organic combination, are detected by destroying the organic material by oxidation (with nitric acid in a sealed tube or by fusion with potassium nitrate or sodium peroxide) and then applying the usual tests. 

Hydrolysis with ethanolic KOH helps in the conversion of organically combined chlorine to KC1 which after due acidification with HN03 is assayed by Volhard s Method. 

Several major matrix types are found in marine particles and sediments. Marine organisms surround themselves with tough polymeric organic cell walls and/or with opal or calcium carbonate tests. These contrasting matrices respond differently to various analytical methods. In sediments, the remains of these organisms combine with clay minerals to form a heterogeneous mixture. In this section, the influence of these matrices on analyte quantification are discussed. 

A micro-test for organically combined sulphur in plants consists 7 in exposing the material to bromine vapour for several hours in order to bring about oxidation. After removing excess of bromine by means of ammonia or by volatilisation, the sulphate is precipitated by calcium chloride, the crystalline precipitate being examined on the following day. 

Corresponding with the increase in metallic tendency, tellurium appears to enter less readily than selenium and sulphur into the composition of organic compounds in organic combination it can exert both bi- and quadri-valency.5... 

Horton and Aubrey (34) handpicked pure vitrain samples from coals and separated them into five different specific gravity fractions. They then analyzed these for 16 minor elements. They concluded that for the three vitrains they studied, beryllium, germanium, vanadium, titanium, and boron were contributed almost entirely by the inherent (organically combined) mineral matter and that manganese, phosphorus, and tin were associated with the adventitious (inorganically combined) mineral matter. 

Mineral matter in coal, as the term is generally used, includes the mineral phases (species) present in the coal seam as well as those elements generally thought to be inorganic, even if they are present in coals in organic combination. The major minerals found in coals are silicates... 

SULFUR (In Biological Systems). Sulfur, in some form, is required by all living organisms. It is utilized in various oxidation stales, including sulfide, elemental sulfur, sulfite, sulfate, and thiosulfate by lower forms and in organic combinations by all. The more important sulfur-containing organic compounds include the amino acids (cysteine, cystine, and methionine, which are components of proteins) the vitamins thiamine and... 

Fischbach, H. 1943. Microdeterminations for organically combined metal in pigment of okra. J. Assoc. Off. Agric. Chem. 26 139-143. 

The evolution of membranes, organelles, and organs combined with the evolutionary development of new... 

These three main lines of research, which cannot be separated completely from each other in all cases, are characterized by their specific formulation of the problem and by their specific method of investigation. All of them are useful for investigations of the behaviour of silicon compounds in living organisms. Combination of the three main lines is the best approach for the development of organosilicon compounds which can be used therapeutically and prophylactically. 

World Health Organization. Combined oral contraceptives and liver cancer. The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Int J Cancer 1989 43(2) 254-9. 

Route to Improvement. As one route to solving problems that perplex FTMS, we have made use of a systematic approach illustrated in Figure 1. The "Development Cycle" enables us to define clearly problems and to arrive at solutions through an organized combination of theoretical and experimental work. The most difficult aspect of... 

Similar to higher organisms combining muscles with skeletons to attain mobility, the addition of flexible organic functionalities to the rigid mesoporous silica structures enables the formation of gated systems. Organic species can be covalently attached to silica with relative ease. The main sources for the functionalization of silica are... 

The product from Step 6 (13.5 g) was dissolved in 250 ml methyl alcohol, treated at 0°C with NaBH4 (1.8 g), stirred 1 hour, concentrated, and the residue partitioned between EtOAc and a saturated NaHC03 solution. The aqueous portion was extracted with EtOAc, the organics combined, washed with brine, dried, concentrated, and the product isolated as a foam. 

A solution of triphenylphosphine (1.1 mmol) dissolved in 6 ml CH2CI2 was cooled to 0°C, N-bromosuccinimide (1.1 mmol) added, stirred 30 minutes, and the product from Step 5 added (0.55 mmol). The solution was stirred 15 minutes, warmed to 25 °C, and stirred an additional 90 minutes. The mixture was then treated with 2-aminothiazole (2.75 mmol), stirred 48 hours, and concentrated. The residue was treated with 50 ml EtOAc, 25 ml 1M HCl, and the layers separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc, organics combined, washed with 50 ml apiece 1M HCl, NaHC03 solution and brine, dried, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel using hexanes/EtOAc, 2 1, and the product isolated in 36% yield. Elemental analysis and MS data supplied. 

Thyroid hormone passes into the cells of target organs, combines with specific nuclear receptors there and induces characteristic metabolic changes ... 

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