Denmark

The procedure for setting health-based quality criteria in Denmark is described briefly, to illustrate the use of international principles in national chemicals regulation. 

In Denmark, health-based quality criteria are set for chemical substances in ambient air, drinking water, and soil according to principles laid down in a guidance document from the Danish Environmental Protection Agency (D-EPA 2006). These principles are for threshold effects comparable to the principles outlined in Chapters 4 and 5 in this book, and for non-threshold effects in Chapter 6. 

The health-based quality criteria are derived for the relevant media (ambient air, drinking water, soil) by dividing the TDI with a standard exposure factor for this media. 

QCasw is the quality criterion for air, soil, or drinking water TDI is the tolerable daily intake expressed as mg/kg bw/day V is the body weight (bw) in kg 

The standard exposure factors applied are based on children s exposures. The following factors are used  

Imported Inorganic Chemical Elements, Oxides and Halogen Salts in Denmark, 

Country of Origin Rank Value (000 US ) % Share Cumulative % 

Source Philip M. PARKER, Professor, INSEAD, copyright 2002, www.icongrouponline.com 

Early production of insulin in this country stimulated the development of peptide research at two institutions, Nordisk Insulinlaboratorium and NOVO Pharmaceutical Company. At Nordisk, particularly after the formation of the Protein Chemistry Laboratory under the auspices of The Danish Academy of Technical Science, K. Brunfeldt initiated considerable effort toward improvements in solid phase peptide synthesis. 

The Carlsberg laboratories have become, in recent years, a center of investigations in the area of peptide-bond formation with the help of proteolytic enzymes, especially carboxypeptidase Y (from yeast). In these studies the work of J.T. Johansen and his coworkers is remarkably productive it has made 

The 1986 Act effectively banned the deliberate release of GMOs, but in 1989 the Minister of the Environment, with the specific authority of the Danish Parliament, agree to permit two small-scale trials with modified plants. In the same year, an amendment to the 1986 Act was passed to permit large-scale research to be regulated by notification only. 

In many ways, Denmark was in the best position to implement the two EC Directives. What is seen as a tightening of regulation in the UK is conversely viewed by some as a relaxation of the pre-existing Danish system. 

Denmark will divide regulatory responsibility between its Labour 

Inspectorate for health and safety and the Environment Ministry. However, the latter has been formally nominated as the competent authority for both the CUD and the DRD. 

Denmark does not operate an advisory committee of experts such as those found in the UK, France, Germany and the Netherlands, but obtains all its advice from Ministry of Environment officials. Denmark s system of law allowed it to be the only Member State to have reasonably claimed to have fully implemented both the CUD and DRD on 23 October 1991. 

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S.A. Nielsen, J.T. Rheinlander, K.K. Borum, H.E. Gundtoft - Riso National Laboratory, Denmark. 

Directory 1991/92 of the Corporation Bruel and Kjar. Electron instrumentation. Narum, Denmark. 

The computerised ultrasonic P-scan system (FORCE Institute, Denmark) has been in operation in Ukraine since 1992. Over this period rather extensive new technological experience has been accumulated of solving the complicated tasks of reliability of the constructions the design life of which is over. 

P.B. Hansen, S. Neergaard, W. Damgaard Kristensen - FORCE Inst., Denmark. 

Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark... 

M. Begtrup, Technical University of Denmark. Lyngby. Denmark R. Deimilaiiler, Kodak-Pathe, Vincennes, France R. Guglielmetti, University of Brest. France H. Lariv Kodak-Pathe, Vincennes, France C. Roussel, University of Aix-Marseilles III, France... 

A more general theory of acids and bases was devised independently by Johannes Br0n sted (Denmark) and Thomas M Lowry (England) m 1923 In the Brpnsted-Lowry approach an acid is a proton donor, and a base is a proton acceptor The reaction that occurs between an acid and a base is proton transfer... 

M. R. Schioeth, Pulse-Energi dElectrostatic Precipitators, paper at the Third Conference on Electrostatic Precipitation, Albano-Padova, Italy, October, 1987, F. L. Smidth Co., Valby, Denmark. 

Several countries have no specific flavor regulations, eg, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, France, Greece, Jamaica, Luxembourg, Norway,... 

Caraway Seed. This spice is the dried ripe fmit of Carum carvi L. (UmbeUiferae). It is a biennial plant cultivated extensively in the Netherlands and Hungary, Denmark, Egypt, and North Africa. The seed is brown and hard, about 0.48 cm long, and is curved and tapered at the ends. It is perhaps the oldest condiment cultivated in Europe. The odor is pleasant and the flavor is aromatic, warm, and somewhat sharp (carvone). Caraway is used in dark bread, potatoes, sauerkraut, kuemmel Hqueurs, cheese, applesauce, and cookies. 

Raffinerie Tirlemontoise (France) Novo Industri (Denmark)... 

Norway -Scotland -France -Belgium -Denmark -England and Wales Netherlands -Switzerland -Sweden -Spain -W. Germany -Italy -... 

A. Nielsen, M Investigation on Promoted Iron Catalysts for the Synthesis ofAmmonia,] A. GjeUemps Eodag, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1968, p. 12. 

P. W. Lenz, Recent Advances in Fiquid Crystalline Polymers, Elsevier Apphed Science Pubhshets, Denmark, 1983. 

C. H. Holten, A. Muller, D. Rehbiader, EacticMcid, International Research Association, Vedag Chemie, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1971. 

Hard coal is more important ia most of the western European countries with the exception of Austria and Italy. No lignitic coal production was iadicated ia 1989 for the Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Sweden, Norway, and the United Kingdom (24). 

R. Talreja, Fatigue of Composite Materials, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, 1985. 

Dry-Laid Pulp. A principal objective of using air to form webs from natural and synthetic fiber pulps is to produce relatively lofty, porous stmctures from short fibers, without using water. Early technical developments in air-laid pulp processing were made by Kroyer in Denmark. 

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