Ethanol Denmark

Larsen U, Johansen T, Schramm J (2009) Ethanol as a fuel for road transportation. Main Report. IEA-AMF report, p 100, Copenhagen, Denmark. Available online at http //www.iea-amf. vtt.fi/pdf/annex35report final.pdf... 

Lypozyme IM-20 (Mucor miehei lipase immobilized on a weak anion-exchange resin) was kindly supplied by Novo Nordisk (Bagsvaerd, Denmark). The gas chromatography (GC) standards (mono-, di-, and trilaurin) were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO). Analytical-grade glycerol, lauric acid (99.9%), n-hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, and ethanol were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). 

Myristic acid was purchased from Sigma (St Louis, MO) and ethanol (99.85 %) from Prolabo (France). Ultra pure carbon dioxide (99.995 %) was purchased from Airgaz (France). The lipase (E C. 3.1.1.3.) was a commercial enzyme from Mucor miehei kindly supplied by Novo Nordisk (Denmark). This lipase (Lipozyme TM) is immobilized on Duolite A568 (Rohm and Hass). The resin particles have a size comprised between 300 to 600 pm. In order to see if a phenomenon of internal mass transfer occurs during the enzymatic esterification, we sieved the support into different size series. The average granulometry was determined by Coulzer Sizer method (Table 1). 

William Christopher Zeise (1789-1847) was a Danish apothecary and professor in Copenhagen, Denmark. He synthesized the first metal-olefin complex by serendipity (this term is explained in Chapter 4), when he treated platinum(IV) chloride with ethanol and potassium chloride K[PtCl3( -C2H4)], sal kalico-platinicus inflammabilis , cf [73], TT-Complexation of olefins at transition metals nowadays comprises a key feature of homogeneous catalysis in terms of olefin activation, with the Wacker-Hoechst process being a prominent example (cf. Section 2.4.1). 

O 5. Triclofos ChloralOl Bonadorm Triclos Homer (Canada) Ferroson (Denmark) Marion Merrell Dow phenyl-3-pyrazolin-5-one compound with chloral hydrate 2,2,2-Trichloro ethanol, di-H- p.o. 500-1000... 

After pretreatment, 8 g DM of the solid fraction (filter cakes) was mixed with 60 ml of filtrate, and the raw sample was mixed with 60 ml of water (pH 4.8) in 250-ml fermentation flasks. All experiments were done in duplicate. Liquefaction was performed at 50 °C with an enzyme (Cellubrix L) load of 15 FPU/g DM for 24 h. After cooling to room temperature, 15 FPU/g DM enzymes (Cellubrix L), 0.2 g dry commercial yeast (Malteserkors torgaer, De Danske Spritfabrikker A/S, Denmark), and 0.2 ml urea (24%) were added. The head space in the flasks was flushed with N2, and the flasks were equipped with yeast locks filled with glycerol. The flasks were then incubated at 32 °C and the amount of produced ethanol was determined as weight loss caused by CO2 off gassing. The final ethanol concentration was determined by HPLC (see Analysis Methods for further details). 

Xylose fermentation was not tested, but with our thermophilic anaerobic bacterium Thermoanaerobacter BGILI (16), ethanol production could theoretically be increased by more than 39% by including the xylose. Based on the results from the current study, 285 1 ethanol per ton DM could be possible from unwashed or undetoxified wet-exploded wheat straw. Pilot scale studies are now carried out at the Maxifuels pilot plant (DTU, Denmark) to optimize the pretreatment method at higher DM up to 30%. 

Kalundborg (Denmark, since 2009), and Clariant in Munich (Germany, since 2009). Beta Renewables has constructed the world s first commercial-scale ceUulosic ethanol plant in Crescentino, Italy, with a capacity of 20 MGY.This plant began operation at the end of 2012, and it uses the PROESA process to convert agricultural nonfood wastes to ethanol. ... 

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