District heating systems Denmark

Figure 4-25. Nitric acid plant at Fredericia (Denmark) with a four-machine turbogroup and generator. Power output to district heating system = 0-27 MW Power output to electric grid = 0-5.8 MW Steam turbine = 10.8 MW Axial compressor = 8.2 MW Centrifugal compressor = 4.1 MW Expander = 7.4 MW Nitric acid production = 650 t/d.

Despite the efficiency of DR cationic surfactant solutions and several successful large-scale field tests, commercial use of these solutions has not been widespread largely because of their slow biodegradation properties. A new series of biodegradable mixed zwitterionic/anionic surfactant solutions, which can be disposed of by normal sewage treatment, has been developed by Akzo Nobel with excellent field test results in the primary system of the same district heating system in Herning, Denmark. 

In the United States, some 8000 MWe of biomass-fueled electricity generating capacity are installed primarily as combined heat and power production systems. In Europe biomass is mainly used for the provision of heat and, to a minor extent, for electricity production. In mral areas biomass is used traditionally for heating purposes. Electricity production has become more important in recent years due to environmentally motivated policy measures (e.g., the Feed-in Law for electricity from renewables in Germany, the C02-tax in Sweden). In average, however, only the use of firewood in households as well as industrial application in the wood processing industry are of major importance in Europe (for example, firewood covers almost 75% of biofuel use in Europe). The use of wood and other organic material for district heating is important in only a few countries (e.g., Denmark, Finland, Austria). 

---