Exposure standard

Occupational Safety and Health. OSHA has set no specific limits for sodium and potassium sibcates (88). A pmdent industrial exposure standard could range from the permissible exposure limit (PEL) for inert or nuisance particulates to the PEL for sodium hydroxide, depending on the rate of dissolution and the concentration of airborne material. Material safety data sheets issued by siUcate producers should be consulted for specific handling precautions, recommended personal protective equipment, and other important safety information. 

In 1971 the OSHA standard for benzene (20 CFR, Part 1910.0000) adopted a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 10 ppm benzene measured as an 8-h TWA. In October of 1976 NIOSH updated its earlier criteria document on benzene and recommended that OSHA lower the benzene exposure standard from 10 to 1 ppm. This proposed implementation was blocked by the United States Supreme Court iu 1980 on the basis of iusufficient evidence linking benzene to cancer deaths. By the mid-1980s convincing evidence of the carciuogenicity of benzene appeared through animal studies which justified reconsideration of the 1 ppm PEL (130). 

OES, OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARD (uk) The Concentration of an airborne substance (averaged over a reference period) at which, according to current knowledge, there is no evidence that it is likely to be injurious to employees if they are exposed by inhalation, day after day. (Specified by HSC in Guidance Note EH40.)... 

In the UK (under the Control of Substanees Hazardous to Health Regulations 1999) there are maximum exposure limits (MEL) and oeeupational exposure standards (OES) ... 

The Occupational Exposure Standards imposed for trichloroethylene are Maximum Exposure Limits of 100 ppm (8 hr TWA) and 150 ppm (15 minute reference period). A skin notation Sk is applicable because of the potential for skin absorption. Because of its volatility, trichloroethylene is not recommended for cold cleaning it is normally used in partially enclosed vapour degreasing equipment provided with local exhaust ventilation. 

Occupational exposure standards (OES) U.K, standards relating to the concentration of an airborne substance that can be tolerated without harmful effects on workers over a reference period. See Long term exposure limit (LTEL) and Short term exposure limit (STEL),... 

Zero exposure standards Relating to carcinogens, which have essentially zero allowable exposure levels. 

Tlie OSH A. a part of tlie Department of Labor, sets exposure standards and safety rules for work places. 

Neither propane nor butane is toxic, but they do possess anaesthetic properties. There is a threshold limiting value for LPG at 1000 ppm given as an occupational exposure standard in OSHA regulations, for an 8-hour time-weighted average. 

Mechanical ventilation See Powered ventilation. Natural ventilation A ventilation system in which air movement is produced through purpose-designed openings by natural forces (wind and thermal buoyancy). Occupational Exposure Standards OES) Limits of concentration of airborne toxic contaminants, listed by the Health and Safety Executive which are regarded as safe for prolonged exposure for 8 hours per day. 

Dilution of fumes in these areas is generally required for one of two reasons either to reduce the level of harmful (toxic or irritant) fumes to a safe level, normally below the OES (Occupational Exposure Standard) or to dilute offensive odors. Care must be taken with the latter to ensure that the problem is not merely passed on to neighbors. If it is, then a local extract with air-cleaning equipment will be preferred if it is practical. Indeed, a local extract system is always preferable, since it removes the problem at source, resulting in a cleaner environment within the building. 

OES, OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARD (uk) The Concentration of an airborne substance... 

From the Control of Substances Hazardous toHealth (COSHH) Regulations (1988). OES, occupational exposure standard QAC, quaternary ammonium compound. 

Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL), 81, 82, 111 Occupational Exposure Standard (OES), 16, 112 Odour threshold, 16, 82, 118 Olefins, 35... 

In the UK a list of occupational exposure limits is published by the HSE in Guidance Note EH40, which is updated annually. There are two kinds of occupational exposure limits maximum exposure limits (MELs) and occupational exposure standards (OESs). For substances which have been assigned a MEL, the level of exposure should be reduced so far as is reasonably practicable and in any case should not exceed the MEL. For substances which have been assigned... 

Occupational Exposure Standard. See Occupational Exposure Limits. 

Review of the U.S. Navy s Exposure Standard for Manufactured Vitreous Fibers (2000)... 

Landrigan et al. (1982) conducted an epidemiologic survey to evaluate occupational exposure to arsine in a lead-acid battery manufacturing plant. Arsine concentrations ranged from nondetectable to 49 /breathing zone samples. A high correlation was found between urinary arsenic concentration and arsine exposure (r=0.84 p=0.0001 for an n of 47). Additionally, arsine levels above 15.6 /ig/m3 (=0.005 ppm) were associated with urinary arsenic concentrations in excess of 50 //g/L. The investigators concluded that exposure to a 200 /ig/m3 arsine exposure standard would not prevent chronic increased absorption of trivalent arsenic. 

In Table 3-13 the AEGLs are compared with existing standards and criteria. All currently available exposure standards and guidelines for monomethylhydrazine are shown. 

Exposure standards and guidelines for dimethylhydrazine have been established by several organizations. All currently available standards and guidelines are shown in Table 4-11. 

Occupational exposure standard (8 h daily, 40 h work week) in United States not to exceed in most European countries, Australia, and Japan 100-110 pg/L (0.25 mg/m3) 2, 4-6, 8... 

A new area of research concerns exposure assessment for beryllium in the production of nuclear weapons at nuclear defense industries. A safe level of exposure to beryllium is still unknown. Potential explanations include (1) the current exposure standard may not be protective enough to prevent sensitization, or (2) past exposure surveillance may have underestimated the actual exposure level because of a lack of understanding of the complexity of beryllium exposures. Task-based exposure assessment provides information not directly available through conventional sampling. It directly links exposure to specific activity associated with contaminant generation and provides in-depth evaluation of the worker s role in a specific task. In-depth task analysis is being used to examine physical, postural, and cognitive demands of various tasks. 

Radiation exposure standards, at nuclear power facilities, 17 551-554 Radiation furnaces, 12 292-295 Radiation hazards, of niobium, 17 144 Radiation heating, in thermal bonding, 17 511... 

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