Atomic absorption spectrometry copper

Rocha, E. R. P. Nobrega, J. A. Effects of Solution Physical Properties on Copper and Chromium Signals in Plame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, /. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 982-984. 

Hohnadel, D. C., Sunderman, F. W., Jr., Nechay, M. W., and McNeely, M. D. "Atomic Absorption Spectrometry of Nickel, Copper, Zinc, and Lead In Sweat from Healthy Subjects during Sauna Bathing". Clin. Chem. (1973), 19, 1288-1292. 

Pauwels j, De Angelis L, Peeteemans F, Ingelerecht C (1990) Determination of traces of silver in copper by direct Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Fresenius J Anal Chem 337 290-293. 

Ho M.D., Evans G.J. Operational speciation of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in the NIST standard reference materials 2710 and 2711 (Montana soil) by the BCR sequential extraction procedure and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Commun 1997 34 353-364. 

Mercury was determined after suitable digestion by the cold vapour atomic absorption method [40]. Lead was determined after digestion by a stable isotope dilution technique [41-43]. Copper, lead, cadmium, nickel, and cobalt were determined by differential pulse polarography following concentration by Chelex 100 ion-exchange resin [44,45], and also by the Freon TF extraction technique [46]. Manganese was determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry (FAA). 

The following analytical techniques seem to be adequate for the concentrations under consideration copper and nickel by Freon extraction and FAA cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry, cobalt by Chelex extraction and differential pulse polarography, mercury by cold vapour atomic absorption absorptiometry, lead by isotope dilution plus clean room manipulation and mass spectrometry. These techniques may be used to detect changes in the above elements for storage tests Cu at 8 nmol/kg, Ni at 5 nmol/kg, Co at 0.5 nmol/kg, Hg at 0.1 nmol/kg, and Pb at 0.7 nmol/kg. 

Other methods reported for the determination of beryllium include UV-visible spectrophotometry [80,81,83], gas chromatography (GC) [82], flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) [84-88] and graphite furnace (GF) AAS [89-96]. The ligand acetylacetone (acac) reacts with beryllium to form a beryllium-acac complex, and has been extensively used as an extracting reagent of beryllium. Indeed, the solvent extraction of beryllium as the acety-lacetonate complex in the presence of EDTA has been used as a pretreatment method prior to atomic absorption spectrometry [85-87]. Less than 1 p,g of beryllium can be separated from milligram levels of iron, aluminium, chromium, zinc, copper, manganese, silver, selenium, and uranium by this method. See also Sect. 5.74.9. 

To determine down to 2.4 xmol/l of copper in seawater, Nishoika et al. [282] complexed the copper with di-ethyl-dithio carbamate, precipitated with ferric hydroxide, filtered off and dissolved the precipitate with nitric acid, and determined copper by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. 

A Cis column loaded with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate has been used to extract copper and cadmium from seawater. Detection limits for analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry were 0.024 pg/1 and 0.004 xg/l, respectively [283]. 

Armannsson [659] has described a procedure involving dithizone extraction and flame atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of cadmium, zinc, lead, copper, nickel, cobalt, and silver in seawater. In this procedure 500 ml of seawater taken in a plastic container is exposed to a 1000 W mercury arc lamp for 5-15 h to break down metal organic complexes. The solution is adjusted to pH 8, and 10 ml of 0.2% dithizone in chloroform added. The 10 ml of chloroform is run off and after adjustment to pH 9.5 the aqueous phase is extracted with a further 10 ml of dithizone. The combined extracts are washed with 50 ml of dilute ammonia. To the organic phases is added 50 ml of 0.2 M-hydrochloric acid. The phases are separated and the aqueous portion washed with 5 ml of chloroform. The aqueous portion is evaporated to dryness and the residue dissolved in 5 ml of 2 M hydrochloric acid (solution A). Perchloric acid (3 ml) is added to the organic portion, evaporated to dryness, and a further 2 ml of 60% perchloric acid added to ensure that all organic matter has been... 

Fang et al. [661] have described a flow injection system with online ion exchange preconcentration on dual columns for the determination of trace amounts of heavy metal at pg/1 and sub-pg/1 levels by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (Fig. 5.17). The degree of preconcentration ranges from a factor of 50 to 105 for different elements, at a sampling frequency of 60 samples per hour. The detection limits for copper, zinc, lead, and cadmium are 0.07, 0.03, 0.5, and 0.05 pg/1, respectively. Relative standard deviations are 1.2-3.2% at pg/1 levels. The behaviour of the various chelating exchangers used was studied with respect to their preconcentration characteristics, with special emphasis on interferences encountered in the analysis of seawater. 

Cabezon et al. [662] simultaneously separated copper, cadmium, and cobalt from seawater by coflotation with octadecylamine and ferric hydroxide as collectors prior to analysis of these elements by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The substrates were dissolved in an acidified mixture of ethanol, water, and methyl isobutyl ketone to increase the sensitivity of the determination of these elements by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results were compared with those of the usual ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate/methyl isobutyl ketone extraction method. While the mean recoveries were lower, they were nevertheless considered satisfactory. 

Jin [666] used ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry to determine lead, cadmium, copper, cobalt, tin, and molybdenum in seawater. 

Rodionova and Ivanov [667] used chelate extraction in the determination of copper, bismuth, lead, cadmium, and zinc in seawater. The metal complexes of diethyl and dithiophosphates are extracted in carbon tetrachloride prior to determination by atomic absorption spectrometry. 

Chakraborti et al. [665] determined cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, and lead in seawater by chelation with diethyldithiocarbamate from a 500 ml sample, extraction into carbon tetrachloride, evaporation to dryness, and redissolution in nitric acid prior to determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry in amounts ranging from 10 pg (cadmium) to 250 pg (nickel). 

Cadmium, copper, and silver have been determined by an ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate chelation, followed by a methyl isobutyl ketone extraction of the metal chelate from the aqueous phase [677], and finally followed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The detection limits of this technique for 1% absorption were 0.03 pmol/1 (copper), 2 nmol/1 (cadmium), and 2 nmol/1 (silver). 

Boyle and Edmond [679] determined copper, nickel, and cadmium in 100 ml of seawater by coprecipitation with cobalt pyrrolidine dithiocarba-mate and graphite atomiser atomic absorption spectrometry. Concentration ranges likely to be encountered and estimated analytical precisions (lcr) are l-6nmol/kg ( 0.1) for copper, 3-12nmol/kg ( 0.3) for nickel, and 0.0-1.1 nmol/kg ( 0.1) for cadmium. 

Brugmann et al. [680] compared three methods for the determination of copper, cadmium, lead, nickel, and zinc in North Sea and northeast Atlantic waters. Two methods consisted of atomic absorption spectroscopy but with preconcentration using either freon or methyl isobutyl ketone, and anodic stripping voltammetry was used for cadmium, copper, and lead only. Inexplicable discrepancies were found in almost all cases. The exceptions were the cadmium results by the two atomic absorption spectrometric methods, and the lead results from the freon with atomic absorption spectrometry and anodic scanning voltammetric methods. 

Bruland et al. [122] have shown that seawater samples collected by a variety of clean sampling techniques yielded consistent results for copper, cadmium, zinc, and nickel, which implies that representative uncontaminated samples were obtained. A dithiocarbamate extraction method coupled with atomic absorption spectrometry and flameless graphite furnace electrothermal atomisation is described which is essentially 100% quantitative for each of the four metals studied, has lower blanks and detection Emits, and yields better precision than previously published techniques. A more precise and accurate determination of these metals in seawater at their natural ng/1 concentration levels is therefore possible. Samples analysed by this procedure and by concentration on Chelex 100 showed similar results for cadmium and zinc. Both copper and nickel appeared to be inefficiently removed from seawater by Chelex 100. Comparison of the organic extraction results with other pertinent investigations showed excellent agreement. 

Tominaga et al. [682,683] studied the effect of ascorbic acid on the response of these metals in seawater obtained by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry from standpoint of variation of peak times and the sensitivity. Matrix interferences from seawater in the determination of lead, magnesium, vanadium, and molybdenum were suppressed by addition of 10% (w/v) ascorbic acid solution to the sample in the furnace. Matrix effects on the determination of cobalt and copper could not be removed in this way. These workers propose a direct method for the determination of lead, manganese, vanadium, and molybdenum in seawater. 

Mykytiuk et al. [184] have described a stable isotope dilution sparksource mass spectrometric method for the determination of cadmium, zinc, copper, nickel, lead, uranium, and iron in seawater, and have compared results with those obtained by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. These workers found that to achieve the required sensitivity it was necessary to preconcentrate elements in the seawater using Chelex 100 [121] followed by evaporation of the desorbed metal concentrate onto a graphite or silver electrode for isotope dilution mass spectrometry. 

Willie et al. [17] used the hydride generation graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry technique to determine selenium in saline estuary waters and sea waters. A Pyrex cell was used to generate selenium hydride which was carried to a quartz tube and then a preheated furnace operated at 400 °C. Pyrolytic graphite tubes were used. Selenium could be determined down to 20 ng/1. No interference was found due to, iron copper, nickel, or arsenic. 

Batley [28] examined the techniques available for the in situ electrodeposition of lead and cadmium in estuary water. These included anodic stripping voltammetry at a glass carbon thin film electrode and the hanging drop mercury electrode in the presence of oxygen and in situ electrodeposition on mercury coated graphite tubes. Batley [28] found that in situ deposition of lead and cadmium on a mercury coated tube was the more versatile technique. The mercury film, deposited in the laboratory, is stable on the dried tubes which are used later for field electrodeposition. The deposited metals were then determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Hasle and Abdullah [29] used differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry in speciation studies on dissolved copper, lead, and cadmium in coastal sea water. 

Le Bihan and Courtot-Coupez [186] analysed fresh water for cationic detergents by a method based on atomic absorption spectrometry of the copper-detergent complex. 

Gagnon [203] has described a rapid and sensitive AAS method developed from the work of Crisp et al. [200] for the determination of anionic detergents at the ppb level in natural waters. The method is based on determination by atomic absorption spectrometry using the bis(ethylene-diamine) copper (II) ion. The method is suitable for detergent concentrations up to 50 ig/l but it can be extended up to 15 mg/1. The limit of detection is 0.31 ig/1. 

The concentration of copper in a sample may be determined by using an iodometric titration or by atomic absorption spectrometry. In each of the following examples, calculate the cost of the assay (assume that the charge for the analyst s time is 50 per hour) ... 

Klenke et al. [5] described a technique for extraction of humic and fulvic acids from stream sediments and outlined methods for their determination. By means of flame atomic absorption spectrometry, the levels of environmentally important heavy metals (cadmium, copper, chromium, cobalt, nickel and lead) in the fulvic and humic acid extracts were compared with those in the original sediment samples. The pattern distribution of the respective metals in the two cases showed very close agreement, suggesting that the combined extract of humic and fulvic acids could be used as an indicator of the level of heavy metal pollution in flowing waters. 

A. Moreno-Cid and M. C. Yebra, Flow injection determination of copper in mussels by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after on-line continuous ultrasound-assisted extraction, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 57(5), 2002, 967-974. 

Until now, little attention has been given to the analysis of ancient copper alloys with LA-ICP-MS. This type of material is usually analyzed with fast or instrumental neutron activation analysis (FNAA or INAA), particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry or inductively coupled plasma-atomic absorption spectrometry (ICP-AES or ICP-AAS). Some of these techniques are destructive and involve extensive sample preparation, some measure only surface compositions, and some require access to a cyclotron or a reactor. LA-ICP-MS is riot affected by any of these inconveniences. We propose here an analytical protocol for copper alloys using LA-ICP-MS and present its application to the study of Matisse bronze sculptures. 

The less common elements in coal ash (e.g., beryllium, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead, vanadium, zinc, and cadmium) can also be determined using atomic absorption (ASTM D-3683). In the test method, the ash is dissolved by mineral acids, and the individual elements determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. 

Coal contains several elements whose individual concentrations are generally less than 0.01%. These elements are commonly and collectively referred to as trace elements. These elements occur primarily as part of the mineral matter in coal. Hence, there is another standard test method for determination of major and minor elements in coal ash by ICP-atomic emission spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (ASTM D-6357). The test methods pertain to the determination of antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, vanadium, and zinc (as well as other trace elements) in coal ash. 

The determination of copper is also discussed under Multi-Metal Analysis of Soils in Sect. 2.55 (atomic absorption spectrometry), Sect. 2.55 (emission spectrometry), Sect. 2.55 (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry), Sect. 2.55 (photon activation analysis), Sect. 2.55 (neutron activation analysis), Sect. 2.55 (electron probe microanalysis) and Sect. 2.55 (differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry). 

Farajzadeh, M.A., M. Bahram, B.G. Mehr, and J.A. Jonsson. 2008. Optimization of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of copper (II) by atomic absorption spectrometry as its oxinate chelate Application to determination of copper in different water samples. Talanta 75 832-840. 

Vaisainen, A. and R. Suontomo. 2002. Comparison of ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted acid leaching and reflux for the determination of arsenic, cadmium and copper in contaminated soil samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 17 739-742. 

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