Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Variation In Lead Concentration Along Single Hairs as Measured by Non-Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry". Nature (1972), 238, 162-163. 

Cabezon et al. [662] simultaneously separated copper, cadmium, and cobalt from seawater by coflotation with octadecylamine and ferric hydroxide as collectors prior to analysis of these elements by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The substrates were dissolved in an acidified mixture of ethanol, water, and methyl isobutyl ketone to increase the sensitivity of the determination of these elements by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results were compared with those of the usual ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate/methyl isobutyl ketone extraction method. While the mean recoveries were lower, they were nevertheless considered satisfactory. 

Tikhomirova et al. [685] developed a procedure for simultaneous concentration of mercury, lead, and cadmium from seawater by coprecipitation with copper sulfide. The isolation yield is 99% for mercury and lead, and 89% for cadmium. Mercury is determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and lead and cadmium by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. 

Pellenberg [114] analysed soils and river sediment for silicone content by nitrous oxide-acetylene flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. He showed that total carbon and total carbohydrates both correlate well with silicone content and the correlation between sedimentary silicone and presumed sewage material is good enough to suggest silicone as a totally synthetic, specific tracer for sewage in the aquatic environment. 

Different methods have different detection limits. For example, the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) method for aluminum has a detection limit of 30 parts per million, while the inductively coupled plasma... 

Gold may be identified by its physical properties. Trace quantities of gold may be analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (to 1 ppm) or by neutron activation analysis (to 1 ppb). The metal may be dissolved in aqua regia and the solution diluted appropriately prior to analysis. The most sensitive wavelength for this element is 242.8nm. 

Rhodium may be analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry using the direct air-acetylene flame method. The metal, its oxide and insoluble salts may be solubilized by digesting with sulfuric acid—hydrochloric acid mixture. Rhodium also may by analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP/MS techniques. ICP/MS is the most sensitive method. Also, it may be analyzed by neutron activation analysis. 

R. J. Stolzberg, Optimizing signal-to-noise ratio in flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry using sequential simplex optimisation, J. Chem. Educ., 76(6), 1999, 834-838. 

Evans et al. [98] has described a method for the determination of total copper, iron, manganese and zinc in various plant materials. Organic matter is destroyed by wet oxidation and measurement is made directly upon the sulfuric acid digests by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In the measurement, direct interferences from the inorganic species found in plant... 

S. Arpadjan, D. Stojanova, Application of detergents to the direct determination of iron, zinc, and copper in milk by means of flame atomic-absorption spectrophotometry, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 302 (1980), 206. 

Zinc and copper values are expressed as mean S.D. Zinc and copper were measured using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A two tailed t-test was used to compare the means for copper (p = 0.8) and for zinc (p = 0.6). 

Sample analysis by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) results in measurement of isotopic ratios of minerals. Total mineral content of samples is then determined by one of two methods. One approach is to use flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) to determine total mineral content of samples. Since AAS does not have the same level of precision as TIMS a sufficient number of replicates is analyzed for a mineral content determination with a CV of within 1%. Alternatively if a mineral has 3 or more isotopes and fractionation corrections are not made the following procedure may be used. An individual is fed one isotope and another isotope is added to the sample prior to analysis to determine the total mineral content of the sample by dilution of the second isotope. In this way both the amount of the isotope fed which is recovered in the feces and the total mineral content of the sample can be determined simultaneously. If fractionation corrections are to be made a mineral must have at least four isotopes. Details of these procedures will be reported separately. 

The technique of flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry accomplishes this by aspirating the sample solution into a burner chamber, where it is mixed with a fuel gas and an oxidant gas. The mixture is then burned in a specially designed burner head (Fig. 2). The light beam is directed lengthway down the burner, and the absorption of the analyte atoms in the flame is measured. The most commonly used gas mixtures are air with acetylene and nitrous oxide with acetylene. Experimental conditions are well-defined in the literature, and cookbook conditions are available from most instrument manufacturers. In addition, many instruments are computer-controlled, and typical conditions are available directly on the operating screen. 

Table 1 shows the detection limits of atomic absorption spectrophotometry for various metals. In general, flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry is quantitative in the lower parts-per-million levels and is readily automated for routine, high-volume samples. The other three techniques are used primarily for trace analysis and are quantitative to the lower parts-per-million levels for many elements. 

Fig. 3 Typical operation screen for copper using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (Courtesy of Perkin-Elmer Instruments.)...

Welch MW, Hamar DW, Fettman MJ. Method comparison for calcium determination by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry in presence of phosphate. Clin Chem 1990 36 351-54. 

Yu H, Jiang G, Xu S. Liquid membrane enrichment in analytical chemistry—Liquid membrane enrichment of trace copper and its trace determination by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Liaoning Shifan Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban 1994 17 134-7 (in Chinese). 

S. Olsen, L.C.R. Pessenda, J. Ruzicka, E.H. Hansen, Combination of flow-injection analysis with flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Determination of trace amounts of heavy metals in polluted seawater, Analyst 108 (1983) 905. 

A. Koropchak, L. Allen, Flow injection donnan dialysis preconcentration of cations for flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Anal. Chem. 61 (1989) 1410. 

J.E. DiNunzio and M. Jubara, Donnan dialysis preconcentration for ion chromatography, Anal. Chem., 1983, 55, 1013 J.A. Cox and G.R. Litwinski, High sample convection Donnan dialysis, Anal. Chem., 1983, 55, 1640-1642 J.A. Koropchak and L. Allen, Flow infection Donnan dialysis preconcentration of cations for flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Anal. Chem., 1989, 61, 1410. 

Evans WH, Read YI and Lucas BE (1978) Evaluation of a method for the determination of total cadmium, lead and nickel in foodstuffs using measurement by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Analyst 103 580-594. 

K. Ogata, S. Tanabe, and T. Imanari, Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Coupled with Solvent Extraction/Flow Injection Analysis. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 31 (1983) 1419. 

M. W. Brown and J. RdiiCka, Parameters Affecting Sensitivity and Precision in the Combination of Flow Injection Analysis with Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Analyst, 109 (1984) 1091. 

J. Tyson, Flow Injection Techniques for Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Trends Anal. Chem., 4 (1985) 124. 

P. Hernandez, L. Hernandez, and J. Losada, Determination of Aluminium in Hemodialysis Fluids by a Flow Injection System with Preconcentration on a Synthetic Chelate-Forming Resin and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem., 325 (1986) 300. 

M. Burguera, J. L. Burguera, P. C. Rivas, and O. M. Alarcon, Determination of Copper, Zinc, and Iron in Parotid Saliva by Flow Injection with Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. At. Spectrosc., 1 (1986) 79. 

The literature on procedures for PbB determination is abundant. Those techniques that have been shown to provide accurate and precise PbB determinations in routine use include anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS), discrete sampling FAAS, and graphite furnace AAS (GF-AAS). The method most widely used for routine determination is AAS in its various modifications. The relatively slow analysis rate of ASV tends to limit the application of this technique to that of a backup or reference method. Whatever the technique which is applied, it should be emphasized that avoidance of contamination, careful handling of the blood samples and frequent intra- and interlaboratory checks are more important for ensuring precision and reliability than the method itself. 

For flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, the detection limit Is defined as the concentration that produces absorption equivalent to twice the magnitude of the background fluctuation. No mention is made of the blank or blank correction. This definition implies an instrument detection limit rather than a detection limit of a complete analytical procedure. Finally, no mention Is made of the need to determine the variability of responses. 

You will need to consider how both oxidation states of iron can be quantitatively determined using the complexation with 1,10-phenanthroline method only. For a given volume of groundwater, the amount of Fe(III) and the amount of Fe(II) should approximate the amount of total Fe found independently by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FIAA). 

Monitoring items include the measurement of the 7 heavy metal indexes Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Hg and As. Sediments decomposition and monitoring methods can be found in Part 5 of The Specification for Marine Monitoring—Sediments Analysis (GB17378.5-2007). For Cu and Zn, the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry is adopted for Pb, Cd and Cr, the nonflame atomic absorption spectrophotometry is used For Hg and As, the atomic fluorescence spectroscopy is applied. The accuracy of standard substances is also measured according to national offshore sediment analysis. The analysis results meet the requirement. During the analysis, reagent blank and parallel samples are casually measured, the results of which show that the analysis process is not polluted and the relative standard deviation for the parallel samples are all lower than 10%. 

Reference Method. Flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS), considered as a reference method, is a sensitive and specific technique that can be used to measure calcium in whole blood, plasma, serum, urine, feces, and tissue samples [9]. However, in a clinical laboratory setting where calcium is routinely measured in plasma, serum, or urine, its use is often restricted to the measurement of urinary calcium. This is because of a lack of automation and therefore slower throughput of samples. 

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