Cationic detergents

Cationic Detergents Cationic detergents are quarternary ammonium salts of amines with acetates, chlorides or bromides as anions. Cationic part... 

Incompatibility Water soluble alcohols, ketones, heavy metals, quaternary detergents, cationic macromolecules Water soluble alcohols, ketones Water soluble alcohols, ketones, quaternary detergents, cationic macromolecules Water soluble alcohols, ketones, quaternary detergents, cationic macromolecules Water soluble alcohols, ketones, quaternary detergents, cationic macromolecules... 

Modification of the Ruhrchemie/Rhone-Poulenc system with co-solvents such as polar, alcoholic solvents or by use of detergent cations or modified cyclodex-trins [11] to enhance the mutual solubility or mobility of the components across the phase boundary. 

Detergent cation Conversion [%] n/iso ratio Rate of increase") Remarks... 

If all sodium cations of Na-TPPTS are substituted by detergent cations [34], extremely high conversions of up to 100% can be achieved. In this case, the selectivity regarding n-aldehyde decreases to 77% (Table 9). 

The marked difference in bactericidal activity displayed by the three types of detergent, cationic, anionic and non-ionic, could be attributed to the role played by the cell wall. Negatively-charged components of the wall would assist the uptake of cationic molecules and repel anionic molecules. Possibly the nonionic detergents are too large to penetrate the cell wall. Salton [104] has described the likely sequence of events following exposure of bacteria to membrane-active detergents as follows ... 

Anionic detergents hke soaps, AOS and alkylsulfonic acids show no increase in hydroformylation rate compared to the classical system. Cationic detergents, on the other hand, can increase the hydroformylation rate up to a factor of 4. This is best explained by the fact that sodium of TPPTS is exchanged by the detergent cation, which increases the solubihty of the catalyst in the organic phase. Technical application is hampered by loss of rhodium into the organic phase and foaming [12]. 

Explain the difference between anionic detergents, cationic detergents, and nonionic detergents. 

Cationics generally do not show good detergency. However, from the patent literature [18,19], they are found in small quantities in detergents. Cationics are normally used as a fabric softeners and as a static-reducing agents. 

A wide class of aiyl-based quaternary surfactants derives from heterocycles such as pyridine and quinoline. The Aralkyl pyridinium halides are easily synthesized from alkyl halides, and the paraquat family, based upon the 4, 4 -bipyridine species, provides many interesting surface active species widely studied in electron donor-acceptor processes. Cationic surfactants are not particularly useful as cleansing agents, but they play a widespread role as charge control (antistatic) agents in detergency and in many coating and thin film related products. 

Amphoteric Detergents. These surfactants, also known as ampholytics, have both cationic and anionic charged groups ki thek composition. The cationic groups are usually amino or quaternary forms while the anionic sites consist of carboxylates, sulfates, or sulfonates. Amphoterics have compatibihty with anionics, nonionics, and cationics. The pH of the surfactant solution determines the charge exhibited by the amphoteric under alkaline conditions it behaves anionically while ki an acidic condition it has a cationic behavior. Most amphoterics are derivatives of imidazoline or betaine. Sodium lauroamphoacetate [68647-44-9] has been recommended for use ki non-eye stinging shampoos (12). Combkiations of amphoterics with cationics have provided the basis for conditioning shampoos (13). 

Quats are usually moderately soluble ia water, but this varies widely owiag to the range of groups bonded to the nitrogen. They are fundamentally nonreactive but act as surface—active cations. Compatibility with anionic detergents and activity ia the presence of hard water have been claimed for some quats (19). 

Sequestration forms the basis for detergent and water-treatment appHcations of polyphosphates. Sequestration of hardness ions by sodium tripolyphosphate used in detergent formulations prevents the precipitation of surfactants by the hardness ions. Sodium polyphosphate glass (SHMP) may be added to water system to prevent the formation of calcium or magnesium scales by reducing the activity of the hardness ions. However, if the ratio of cation to polyphosphate is too high at a given pH, insoluble precipitates such as may result instead of the soluble polyphosphate complexes. The... 

The higher aUphatic amine oxides are commercially important because of their surfactant properties and are used extensively in detergents. Amine oxides that have surface-acting properties can be further categorized as nonionic surfactants however, because under acidic conditions they become protonated and show cationic properties, they have also been called cationic surfactants. Typical commercial amine oxides include the types shown in Table 1. 

Many benzenoid quaternary cationic surfactants possess germicidal, fungicidal, or algicidal activity. Solutions of such compounds, alone or in combination with nonionic surfactants, are used as detergent sanitizers in hospital maintenance. Classified as biocidal products, their labeling is regulated by the U.S. EPA. The 1993 U.S. shipments of cationic surfactants represented 16% of the total sales value of surfactant production. Some of this production is used for the preparation of more highly substituted derivatives (101). 

J. Cross and E. J. Singer, Cationic Suf actants Analytical and Biological Evaluation, Surfactant Science Series, Vol. 53, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1994. CSMA Detergents Division, Test Methods Compendium, 2nd ed., CSMA, Inc., Washington, D.C., 1985. 

Composition and Methods of Manufacture. The vaccine consists of a mixture of purified capsular polysaccharides from 23 pneumococcal types that are responsible for over 90% of the serious pneumococcal disease in the world (47,48). Each of the polysaccharide types is produced separately and treated to remove impurities. The latter is commonly achieved by alcohol fractionation, centrifugation, treatment with cationic detergents, proteolytic en2ymes, nucleases or activated charcoal, diafiltration, and lyophili2ation (49,50). The vaccine contains 25 micrograms of each of the types of polysaccharide and a preservative such as phenol or thimerosal. 

---