Atlantic waters

S], [DA], [DP], represent respectively the concentrations of the given element in warm surface water, deep Atlantic water, and deep Pacific water. 

The results obtained by various calibrations in the determination of nickel and copper are shown in Tables 1.2 and 1.3. Table 1.4 gives the differences between sampling devices for copper, as determined by each participant, when these are significant at the 95% and 90% levels of confidence. Only the results of participants that had acceptable analytical performance, as measured by precision and agreement with contemporary consensus values for deep North Atlantic waters (Table 1.5), were used for drawing conclusions. 

Reported mercury values in the oceans determined since 1971 span three orders of magnitude, due at least in part to errors induced by incorrect sampling [62-64]. Olasfsson [65] has attempted to establish reliable data on mercury concentrations obtained in cruises in North Atlantic water. 

Brugmann et al. [680] compared three methods for the determination of copper, cadmium, lead, nickel, and zinc in North Sea and northeast Atlantic waters. Two methods consisted of atomic absorption spectroscopy but with preconcentration using either freon or methyl isobutyl ketone, and anodic stripping voltammetry was used for cadmium, copper, and lead only. Inexplicable discrepancies were found in almost all cases. The exceptions were the cadmium results by the two atomic absorption spectrometric methods, and the lead results from the freon with atomic absorption spectrometry and anodic scanning voltammetric methods. 

Brown RA, Searl TD, Elliott JJ et al. (1973) Distribution of heavy hydrocarbons in some Atlantic waters. In Proceedings of the conference on prevention and control of oil spills. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, pp 509-519... 

Vas, P. 1991. Trace metal levels in sharks from British and Atlantic waters. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 22 67-72. 

Sharks, 10 species British and Atlantic waters 1984-88 inshore species vs. offshore species ... 

Moore, W.S., J.L. Sarmiento, and R.M. Key. 1986. Tracing the Amazon Component of Surface Atlantic Water using 228Ra, Salinity and Silica. Journal of Geophysical Research 91 2574-2580. 

Trace elements also exhibit systematic changes in concentration with depth. Figure 8.37 shows, for instance, concentration profiles of rare earth elements (REE) determined by De Baar et al. (1985) in Pacific and Atlantic waters. Note that the concentration profiles differ for the various elements in the series in particular, the amount of Ce is quite high in surface waters of the Atlantic Ocean. 

Moore, R. M., and R. Tokarczyk, Chloro-Iodomethane in N. Atlantic Waters A Potentially Significant Source of Atmospheric Iodine, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1779-1782 (1992). 

The application of a rotating ring-disc electrode in ASV resulted in a kj for the Cd-EDTA complex of 12.4 s-l the kf determination was less reliable however (Shuman and Michael, 1975). With a rotating disc electrode applied at different rotation speeds, the same authors (Shuman and Michael, 1978) determined a first order dissociation rate constant for copper chelates in coastal Atlantic waters (in the order of 2 s l). Based on a kinetic criterion the chelation of copper in these samples was estimated. 

North Atlantic Ocean. Surface samples in north Atlantic waters were collected at 20 stations in Tuly-August 1983. The area is influenced mainly by the Gulfstream, the North Atlantic Drift and the much colder East Greenland Current. The surface samples can be grouped into fives areas with common characteristics of temperature, salinity, phosphate and silicate concentrations, Fig. 4 (Kramer, 1986). 

Mean values of complexation capacity (CC), conditional stability constants (K1) and rate constants (kf ) for different area in north Atlantic waters. 

Kramer, C.3.M., 1986. Apparent copper complexation capacity and conditional stability constants in north atlantic waters and their relation to plankton activity. Mar. Chem. 17 (in press). 

There has been an increased warming of the Arctic Ocean s Atlantic layer and an approximate 20% greater coverage of Atlantic water types. ... 

Primordial 3He concentrations are systematically lower in the Atlantic than in the Pacific (there are no data for the Indian Ocean). Part of this difference can be attributed to the more rapid flushing of Atlantic waters, and part, to the circumstance that deep waters entering the Pacific already have positive anomalies (from the Atlantic). Part of the difference is also evidently due simply to weaker sources in the Atlantic than in the Pacific, as would be expected on the basis of relative rates of crustal formation. 

Bieger, T., Abrajano, Jr., T.A., and Hellou, J. (1997) Generation of biogeneic hydrocarbons during a spring bloom in Newfoundland coastal (NW Atlantic) waters. Org. Geochem. 26, 207-218. 

The analysis of Atlantic waters may be regarded as typical of large oceans. The Mediterranean waters are more concentrated,2 partly because of the high rate of evaporation, and partly because few rivers flow into it. Even more concentrated are the waters of the Red Sea,3 for similar reasons. 

Fig. 1 Vertical pattern of Phaeocystis pouchetii export (mg C m 2 d-1) in different water masses in the central Barents Sea (a) Arctic Water, (b) Polar Front and (c) Atlantic water measured by sediment traps at 30, 40,...

Balsfjord 1996, Ullsfjord 1997, Balsfjord, Malangen and Ullsfjord 2001, Barents Sea 1998 and Amundsen Basin, Arctic Ocean 2001 (n = 19) (for further details, see Table 1). A ratio >1 reflects Phaeocystis dominance, while a ratio <1 reflects diatom dominance. Open circles indicate stations were mixing exceeded 90 m at the Barents Sea Polar front and Atlantic water (BS-AW) region in May 1998 (for BS-AW P/D cells C ratio = 43)... 

MoreU, J. M., CapeUa, J., Mercado, A., Bauza, J., and Corredor, J. E. (2001). Nitrous oxide fluxes in Caribbean and tropical Atlantic waters Evidence for near surface production. Mar. Chem. 74, 131-143. 

Nitrogen fluxes (in Tg N year ) are reported for contemporary conditions, with estimates under pristine conditions indicated in parentheses. Flux of nitrogen delivered from rivers and estuaries is the direct input of rivers that discharge onto the continental shelf plus the riverine input into estuaries, minus nitrogen consumed in estuaries. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition estimates in this table are those directly onto the waters of the continental shelf and do not include deposition onto the landscape (which is part of the flux from rivers and estuaries). The flux from the deep ocean represents the advection of nitrate-rich deep Atlantic water onto the continental shelf Data in this table are from Howarth (1998). 

Further evidence of film formation has been developed by study of the wettability of polished platinum plates after immersion for one week at 3°C in Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic sea waters followed by rinsing with distilled water and drying. The contact angle of a liquid on a surface becomes smaller with increasing tendency of the liquid to spread on the surface. The contact angles of pure water and methylene iodide on these samples are 27° and 28° for Atlantic water, and 45° and 33° for Bay water (Table I). When compared with values of less than 10° for either liquid on clean platinum, or platinum which has been rinsed in organic media and dried, the presence of a film is apparent. 

The particulate material found in natural waters was also observed to have a net negative charge when examined by microelectrophoresis. This was true of all particles studied in all natural sea waters the histogram for particles from Atlantic water (Figure 3A) illustrates the range of mobilities observed. When the salinity is lowered to 1% of the initial... 

Our data indicate a clear difference in the organic content of Atlantic and Chesapeake Bay sea waters. The ratio of intrinsic humus fluorescence at 420 nm to the amine-generated fluorescence with fluorescamine is quite different in the two samples. The different contact angles produced by films adsorbed from these two samples are indicative of different materials adsorbed. The data shown in Table II indicate that the ratio of depletion of humus fluorescence to depletion of amine signal is apparently higher in Bay water than in Atlantic waters and, although somewhat equivocal, a difference in reaction of the dissolved organics with surfaces is implied. 

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