Determination cadmium

Cadmium, determination by x-ray emission spectrography, 328 Cadmium sulfide, use in x-ray detection, 43... 

Table 6.3. Spectral interferences in ICP-MS of the five most abundant cadmium isotopes relevant for the cadmium determination in Mo-Zr alloys additional Cd isotopes 106Cd 1.25%, 108Cd 0.89%, 116Cd 7.49% ...

A. S. Souza, W. N dos Santos and S. L. C. Ferreira, Applieation of Box Behnken design in the optimisation of an on-line pre-eoneentration system using knotted reactor for cadmium determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B, 60(5), 2005, 737-742. 

E. M. M. Flores, J. N. G. Paniz, A. P. F. Saidelles, E. 1. Muller and A. B. da Costa, Direct cadmium determination in sediment samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry using multivariate calibration procedures, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 18, 2003, 769-774. 

Yaman, M. 2005. The improvement of sensitivity in lead and cadmium determination using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Biochem. 339 1-8. 

With the main resonance line for cadmium at 228.8 nm, it is hardly surprising that this element is not determined usefully by flame AES. However cadmium is a very easily atomized element, and the determination by flame AAS is sensitive, with detection limits sometimes as low as 1 ng ml-1 often being cited for the air-acetylene flame.1 Determination by flame AFS may result in detection limits two orders of magnitude lower than this, if a suitable excitation source is available.12 The determinations in acetylene flames are virtually free from chemical interference. Because of the ease of atomization, the element may be readily determined using atom-trapping techniques or boat or cup techniques, as discussed in Chapter 6. Recently a cold vapour sample introduction technique has also been suggested for cadmium determination.13,14... 

High concentrations of cadmium are rare in environmental samples, so it is unusual to need to avoid dilution. This is perhaps just as well, because the second most sensitive wavelength for cadmium determination by flame AAS gives a sensitivity almost three orders of magnitude poorer than the main resonance line. 

A. Sanz-Medel, M. C. Valdes-Hevia y Temprano, M. C. Bordel Garcia, M. R. Fernandez de la Campa, Generation of cadmium atoms at room temperature using vesicles and its application to cadmium determination by cold vapor atomic spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 67 (1995), 2216-2223. 

Cadmium Determine as directed under Cadmium Limit Test, Appendix IIIB, or by the following procedure ... 

Cadmium Determine as directed under Cadmium Limit Test, Appendix IIIB. 

The Co-APDC co-precipitation procedure for preconcentration has been shown to be suitable for the determination of lead in freshwater samples. Cadmium determination at concentrations ca. 0.1 mg l-1 in freshwater can also be performed using this procedure at lower concentrations an... 

Potassium iodide solution, 0.1 M for cadmium determination Dissolve 1.66 g of KI in water and dilute to 100 ml prepare fresh daily. 

Amberlite LA-2 solution for cadmium determination Prepare 1% (v/v) solution of Amberlite LA-2 (AMauryl(trialkylmethyl)amine) in MIBK. 

Apart from the method presented above involving 5-Br-PADAP, many other methods for cadmium determination are based on chelating azo dyes, such as PAN [35-39], PAR [40-45] (formulas 4.1 and 4.2). The complex of Cd with PAN, in the presence of surfactants, has an absorptivity close to 5-10 [36]. The complex of Cd with PAR, in the presence of cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, can be extracted into CHCI3 (e = 9.8-10 ) [40]. Other surfactants also have been applied [43]. Among other pyridylazo reagents proposed for determining cadmium are 2-(2-pyridylazo)-l-naphthol-4-sulphonic acid [46] and 2-(5-chloro-2-pyridylazo)-5-dimethylaminophenol (e= 1.2-10 at 550 nm) [47]. 

S.K. Aggarwal, R.G. Orth, J. Wendling, M. Kinter and D.A. Herold, Isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for cadmium determination in urine. J. Anal. Toxicol. 17, 5-10 (1993). 

M.S. Nezio, M.E. Palomeque, B.S.F. Band, Automated flow-injection method for cadmium determination with preconcentration and reagent preparation on-line, Quim. Nova 28 (2005) 145. 

Chirila E. and Carazeanu I., 2001 Cadmium determination in water, fish and sediment of Tabacarie lake, Ovidius University Annals of Chemistry, 12,17-19. 

One of important aspects of the Trace Metals Projects was the cross-check program of proposed analytical methods. For example, evaluation of the wet digestion flame atomic absorption method for cadmium determination (13) involved the preparation of petroleum samples spiked with cadmium cyclohexanebutyrate. Before these samples were shipped to cooperating laboratories, a check of the cadmium content showed unexpectedly low recoveries. To confirm this apparent loss, portions of gasoline were spiked at the 30 ng/g level with cadmium cyclohexanebutyrate and cadmium sulfonate. The samples were stored in Teflon bottles and were analyzed over a month. The results are shown... 

Considering these limitations, a procedure for lead determination has been developed as a result of the Project and is described fully in Chapter 10. Preliminary work related to cadmium determination suggests that a similar technique can be used to determine other elements and can be expanded to a multi-element capability for trace metals in petroleum. 

In recent years atomic absorption has received most of the attention for cadmium determination because of its high sensitivity for the element and the absence of interferences (7, 8). The introduction of heated vaporization atomic absorption (HVAA) has extended the detection limit topicogramlevels (9,10). 

BlanuSa, M., and BreSki, D., Contribution to resolving analytical problems of lead and cadmium determination in food and faeces, in Heavy Metals in the Environment, Farmer J.G. (Ed.), CEP Consultants, Edinburgh, 1991, Vol. 1, pp. 597-600. 

Benzene-4-sulfonic acid, l-hydroxy-2-(2-hydroxy-6-suIfo-l-naphthylazo)-6-(2-hydroxy-l-naphthylazo)-metallochromic indicator, 556 Benzimidazole, 2-(o-hydroxyphenyl)-raercury determination, 532 Betrzoic acid complexes linkage isomers, 186 a-Benzoin oxime in gravimetry, 530 Benzothiazole, hydroxy-in gravimetry, 531 Benzothiazole, mercapto-in gravimetry, 534 Benzothiazole, 2-mercapto-cadmium complexes liquid-liquid extraction, 547 Benzoxazole, 2-(o-hydroxyphenyl)-cadmium determination, 531 Benzylamine, a-methyl-Al,7V-dimethyl-complexes chirality, 199 Berry pseudorotation, 39 Beryllium analysis, 523... 

If the proposed procedure should be applied in practice it would be necessary to check whether the exponents of parabola (shape parameter) are constant for different concentrations of the polarizer. An experiment carried out with cadmium confirmed this assumption. Table 1 presents exponents of barabola, b, (y = a x ) for i-t curves of cadmium determined from the last 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 current samples for two different concentrations. The concentrations differ from each other almost by 10 times. The next example shows how far the shape parameter can be helpful to detect the appearence of s.a.s in the solution under control. 

Cadmium determination with the graphite tube technique (Furnace method)... 

A new azoamino reagent has been proposed recently for cadmium determination in wastewater, which at a pH value of 10.4 (Na2B40y/Na0H buffer) produces an orange-red chelate with cadmium (1 2, M L) at 520 nm. 

Slavin, W., D.C. Manning, G. Carnrick, and E. Pruszkowska Properties of the Cadmium Determination with the Platform Furnace and Zeeman Background Correction. Spectrochim. Acta 386 1157-1170 (1983). 

Neutron activation (NA) analysis and isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) are 2 additional, but highly specialized, methods that have been used for cadmium determinations. These methods are expensive because they require elaborate and sophisticated instrumentation. 

Figure 5.28 depicts an MSFIA system with a flow cell connected to the mercury capillary of an Amel 473 polarograph. The unknown sample to be analyzed for cadmium determination is treated with bisulfite to remove dissolved oxygen and propelled by the carrier into the flow cell, where it enters and leaves via different sides. The waste is poured into a beaker accommodating the reference electrode and a Pt auxiliary electrode. The carrier contains sodium chloride, acting the outgoing liquid... 

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