Solutions, physical properties

Graessley W W 1993 Viscoelasticity and flow in polymer melts and concentrated solutions Physical Properties of Polymers ed J E Mark et al (Washington, DC ACS) pp 97- 143... 

Rocha, E. R. P. Nobrega, J. A. Effects of Solution Physical Properties on Copper and Chromium Signals in Plame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, /. Chem. Educ. 1996, 73, 982-984. 

Horvath, A. L., Handbook of Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions, Physical Properties, Estimation and Correlation Methods, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1985. 

Ethylene oxide aqueous solutions, physical properties of, 20 635t Ethylene oxide catalysts, 20 648-649 Ethylene oxide hydrolysis, rate constants for, 20 638t... 

Nitric acid solutions, physical properties of, 17 172t... 

Greenfield ef. ai.l l) observed a reduction of signal intensity that correlates with sample intake effects from the modified solution viscosity and/or surface tension of mineral acids. This, coupled with peristaltic pumping of solutions into the nebulizer, considerably reduces physical interferences. Increased salt concentration also has an effect on solution physical properties. In the experience of these authors, the high levels of salt in the matrix also increases the noise from the nebulizer system. This degradation of nebulizer performance, which is not necessarily accompanied by a proportional reduction in sensitivity, is the cause of the observed deterioration of detection limits in real samples as opposed to ideal solutions. 

The size and shape of macromolecules in solution can be studied using two techniques termed equilibrium and velocity ultracentrifugation. These techniques use an ultracentrifuge to rotate solutions of macromolecules and place them under a centrifugal force to study their physical properties. The size and shape of the macromolecules can then be determined from the solution physical properties. The ultracentrifuge is equipped for direct measurement of the solution as it spins at high speed. 

History—Occurrence—Formation—Preparation—Concentration of Solutions— Physical Properties — Chemical Properties — Catalytic Decomposition — Decomposition with Self-reduction—Oxidation Processes—Applications. 

Coolants. Underhood fluids also include water and antifreeze solutions. Physical properties of glass-reinforced plastics of all types deteriorate, sometimes drasticaFly, upon exposure to water at elevated temperatures. Bair and Miner of Bell Laboratories have recently studied the hydrolytic stability of PPS and glass-reinforced PPS using a calorimetric metnod (6)- The results which they obtained agree well with our data. (Figure 6)... 

Figure 5.8 CMC determination from a plot of a solution physical property such as surface tension, conductivity, turbidity, osmotic pressure, molar conductivity etc. versus concentration of surfactant added, c (preferably, a property - Inc plot can be used).

Note that molality includes the quantity of solvent, not solution. And, most important, molal solutions are prepared by measuring masses of solute and solvent, not solvent or solution volume. Mass does not change with temperature, so neither does molality. Moreover, unlike volumes, masses are additive adding 500. g of one solution to 500. g of another does give 1000. g of final solution. For these reasons, molality is a preferred unit when temperature, and hence density, may change, as in the examination of solutions physical properties. For the special case of water, 1 L has a mass of 1 kg, so molality and molarity are nearly the same for dilute aqueous solutions. 

Solute Miscibility Region Fractionation Range for the Solutes Solute Solubility Maxima Solute Physical Properties... 

Data extract from Landolt-Bornstein VIII/6D3 Polymers, Polymer Solutions, Physical Properties and their Relations I (Thermodynamic Properties Equilibria of Ternary Polymer Solutions)... 

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