Stable isotope dilution

Dizdaroglu, M. (1993). Quantitative determination of oxidative base damage in DNA by stable isotope-dilution mass spectrometry. FEBS Lett. 315, 1-6. 

McCann MT, Thompson MM, Gueron IC et al. (1996) Methyl malonic acid quantification by stable isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry from filter paper urine samples. Clin Chem 42 9io-9i4. 

The development of new fiber coatings in the near future should further improve the specificity of SPME and overcome some of the observed matrix effects. Quantification by stable isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) may assist in improving analytical performance. Along with the possible application of micro LC and capillary LC columns to in-tube SPME, the development of novel derivatization methods and the potential for the analysis of fumigant pesticides, SPME appears to be a technique with a future in the analysis of pesticide residues in food. 

Semmelroch, P., Laskawy, G., Blank, I., Grosch, W., Determination of potent odorants in roasted coffee by stable isotope dilution assays, Flavour Fragrance J. 10(1), 1, 1995. 

Graziano J, Blum CB, Lolacono NJ, et al. 1996. A human in vivo model for determination of lead bioavailability using stable isotope dilution. Environ Health Perspect 104 176-179. 

Maddaloni M, Lolacono N, Manton W, et al. 1998. Bioavailabilty of soil-bome lead in adults by stable isotope dilution. Environ Health Perspect 106 1589-1594. 

MantonWI. CookJD. 1984. High-accuracy (stable isotope dilution) measurements of lead in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Br J Ind Med 41 313-319. 

Ahnstrom and Parker (2001) studied Cd reactivity in metal-contaminated soils using a coupled stable isotope dilution-sequential extraction procedure. They found that in uncontaminated arid soil and in... 

Ahnstrom Z.A.S., Parker D.R. Cadmium Reactivity in Metal-Contaminated Soils Using a Coupled Stable Isotope Dilution-Sequential Extraction Procedure. Environ Sci... 

Mercury was determined after suitable digestion by the cold vapour atomic absorption method [40]. Lead was determined after digestion by a stable isotope dilution technique [41-43]. Copper, lead, cadmium, nickel, and cobalt were determined by differential pulse polarography following concentration by Chelex 100 ion-exchange resin [44,45], and also by the Freon TF extraction technique [46]. Manganese was determined by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry (FAA). 

The earlier stable isotope dilution mass spectrographic work was accomplished with a thermal ion mass spectrometer which had been specifically designed for isotope abundance measurements. However, Leipziger [829] demonstrated that the spark source mass spectrometer could also be used satisfactorily for this purpose. Although it did not possess the excellent precision of the thermal unit, Paulsen and coworkers [830] pointed out that it did have a number of important advantages. 

The thermal ion mass spectrometer was specifically developed for the measurement of isotope abundances and is capable of excellent precision. Although the spark source mass spectrometer used in this work lacks some of this precision, it has proved very useful in stable isotope dilution work. It has a number of advantages, including greater versatility, relatively uniform sensitivity, and better applicability to a wide range of elements. 

Mykytiuk et al. [184] have described a stable isotope dilution sparksource mass spectrometric method for the determination of cadmium, zinc, copper, nickel, lead, uranium, and iron in seawater, and have compared results with those obtained by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. These workers found that to achieve the required sensitivity it was necessary to preconcentrate elements in the seawater using Chelex 100 [121] followed by evaporation of the desorbed metal concentrate onto a graphite or silver electrode for isotope dilution mass spectrometry. 

Stable-isotope dilution analysis is an analytical technique in which a known quantity of a stable-labelled isotope is added to a sample prior to extraction, in order to quantitate a particular compound. The ratio of the naturally abundant and the stable-labelled isotope is a measure of the naturally abundant compound and can be determined only by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry since the naturally abundant and the stable-labelled isotope cannot be completely separated gas chromatographically. 

Lopez-Avila et al. [36] used a stable isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometric technique to determine down to O.lppb of pentachlorophenol (also Atrazine, Diazinon and lindane) in soil. Soil samples are extracted with acetone and hexane. Analysis is performed by high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with mass spectrometer operated in the selected ion monitoring mode. Accuracy greater than 86% and a precision better than 8% were demonstrated by use of spiked samples. 

Pickup JF, McPherson K. 1976. Theoretical considerations in stable isotope dilution mass spectrometry for organic analysis. Anal Chem 48 1885-1890. 

Riley, G.H. 1967. Rhenium concentration in Australian molybdenites by stable isotope dilution. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 31, 1489-1497. 

Jansen, E. E. W., Gibson, K. M., Shigematsu, Y., Jakobs, C., and Verhoeven, N. M. (2006). A novel, quantitative assay for homocamosine in cerebrospinal fluid using stable-isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. B Arnlyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 830,196-200. 

Diagnosis of medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency by stable isotope dilution analysis of urinary acylglycines retrospective and prospective studies, and comparison of its accuracy to acylcamitine identification by FAB/mass spectrometry. 

Stable isotope dilution method for diagnosis of medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. 

System (3) described the use of stable-isotope-dilution mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of cortisol, cortisone, prednisolone, and prednisone in plasma [177]. Cortisol, cortisone, prednisolone, and prednisone were simultaneously extracted from acidified plasma on a Sep-Pak Ci8 cartridge. The column was eluted with methanol, the eluent evaporated, and the residue compounds reacted to their bismethylenedioxy-3-heptafluoro-n-butyryl derivatives by treatment with formaldehyde and heptafluoro-n-butyric anhydride. The derivatives were... 

System (4) has been reported for the simultaneous determination of cortisol and cortisone in human plasma by stable-isotope dilution-MS [178]. For the determination, capillary GC-MS with H5 -cortisol and H5 -cortisone (as internal standards) was used. The method used a SPB-1 fused-silica capillary column (7 m x 0.25 mm) and helium as the carrier gas (at 29.4 Pa), with 70 eV EIMS being used for selective-ion monitoring. The concentrations were determined from the peak height ratios of the [M-31] fragment ions of the methoxime-TMS derivatives of cortisol, cortisone, and their internal standards. The sensitivity of the method was 200 pg per injection for both cortisol and cortisone. 

Majcenovic, A. B., Schneider, R., Lepoutre, J.-P., Lempereur, V., and Baumes, R. (2002). Synthesis and stable isotope dilution assay of ethanethiol and diethyl disulfide in wine using solid phase microextraction. Effect of aging on their levels in wine. /. Agric. Food Ghem. 50, 6653-6658. 

Freisleben, A., Sehieberle, P, Ryehlik, M. (2003 May). Specific and sensitive quantification of folate vitamers in foods by stable isotope dilution assays using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass speetrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 376 2), 149-156. 

As discussed in [1], precise quantitative results will be obtained when a stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA) is performed. In this procedure, stable isoto-pomers of the analytes are used as internal standards. Consequently, the major effort in the development of SIDA is the synthesis of the labelled standards since most of them are not commercially available. 

Inghram, M. G. (1954) Stable isotope dilution as an analytical tool. Annual Review of Nuclear Science, 4, 81—92. 

Many laboratories use quantitative urinary organic acid analysis as an alternative to a qualitative approach and may not use stable isotope dilution as a more rigorous means of quantitation. The results from EQA schemes in the area reflect this variability of practice and the lack of internationally agreed standardisation. 

Gellekink H, van Oppenraaij-Emmerzaal D, van Rooij A, Struys EA, den Heijer M, Blom HJ (2005) Stable-isotope dilution liquid chromatography-electrospray injection tandem mass spectrometry method for fast, selective measurement of S-adenosylmethionine and S-adeno-sylhomocysteine in plasma. Clin Chem 51 1487-1492... 

Kok RM, Howells DW, van den Heuvel CC, Guerand WS, Thompson GN, Jakobs C (1993) Stable isotope dilution analysis of GABA in CSF using solvent extraction and electron-capture negative-ion mass fragmentography. J Inherit Metab Dis 16 508-512... 

Schor DS, Struys EA, Hogema BM, Gibson KM, Jakobs C (2001) Development of a stable-isotope dilution assay for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transaminase in isolated leukocytes and evidence that GABA and beta-alanine transaminases are identical. Clin Chem 47 525-531... 

Magera MJ, Helgeson JK, Matern D, Rinaldo P (2000) Methylmalonic acid measured in plasma and urine by stable-isotope dilution and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chem 46 1804-1810... 

Rinaldo P, O Shea JJ, Coates PM, Hale DE, Stanley CA, Tanaka (1988) Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Diagnosis by Stable-isotope dilution measurement of urinary n-hexanoylglycine and 3-phenylpropionylglycine. N Engl J Med 319 1308-1313... 

Stable Isotope Dilution Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry... 

Stellaard F, ten Brink HJ, Kok RM, van den Heuvel L, Jakobs C (1990) Stable isotope dilution analysis of very long chain fatty acids in plasma, urine and amniotic fluid by electron capture negative ion mass fragmentography. Clin Chim Acta 192 33-144... 

Vreken P, Van Lint AEM, Bootsma AH, Overmars H, Wanders RJA, Van Gennip AH (1998) Rapid stable isotope dilution analysis of very-long-chain fatty acids, pristanic acid and phytanic acid using gas chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr 713 281-287... 

Young SP, Stevens RD, An Y, Chen YT, Millington DS (2003) Analysis of a glucose tetrasac-charide elevated in Pompe disease by stable isotope dilution-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 316 175-180... 

In the past decade, eight inherited disorders have been linked to specific enzyme defects in the isoprenoid/cholesterol biosynthetic pathway after the finding of abnormally increased levels of intermediate metabolites in tissues and/or body fluids of patients (Table 5.1.1) [7, 9, 10]. Two of these disorders are due to a defect of the enzyme mevalonate kinase, and in principle affect the synthesis of all isoprenoids (Fig. 5.1.1) [5]. The hallmark of these two disorders is the accumulation of mevalonic acid in body fluids and tissues, which can be detected by organic acid analysis, or preferably, by stable-isotope dilution gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [2]. Confirmative diagnostic possibilities include direct measurement of mevalonate kinase activities in white blood cells or primary skin fibroblasts [3] from patients, and/or molecular analysis of the MVK gene [8]. 

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