Confusion

Experience gained in many organizations internationally has shown that confusion exists within organizations, as well as within the safety and health profession, as to what a near miss incident is and how to identify it in relation to an accident, incident, and unsafe (high risk) behaviors and conditions. This uncertainty has led to near miss incidents being incorrectly labeled and, consequently, almost forgotten. 

Some also teach that all near miss incidents must be investigated—an almost impossible and impracticable task. If there is confusion within the minds of safety professionals, that confusion is passed on to employees and management and the end result is that near misses are not recognized, reported, or acted upon. This confusion is possibly the reason for near miss incident reporting systems not existing, or the failed attempts at near miss incident reporting in organizations. 

Once understanding is reached as to what exactly a near miss incident is, near miss recognition is much easier. The approach taken in this publication is to keep the concepts simple so that all can nnderstand the difference between the varions concepts. 

Displays are built into many medical devices to convey a wide range of sometimes critical data. 

However, some displays are ambignons or counterintnitive. This introdnces a particularly insidious problem, since treatment decisions will be based on this information—these decisions could be perfectly reasonable and yet wrong. 

Device displays should be assessed during pre-pmchase trials and danonstrations, and an eye kept open for those that pose a real risk of confusion. 

Alert manufacturers if problans appear after the device has been put into use. 

Users must understand how to interpret the misleading display if the manufacturer cannot provide an immediate solution and the device cannot be removed from service. 

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Enzymes are classified in terms of the reactions which they catalyse and were formerly named by adding the suffix ase to the substrate or to the process of the reaction. In order to clarify the confusing nomenclature a system has been developed by the International Union of Biochemistry and the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (see Enzyme Nomenclature , Elsevier, 1973). The enzymes are classified into divisions based on the type of reaction catalysed and the particular substrate. The suffix ase is retained and recommended trivial names and systematic names for classification are usually given when quoting a particular enzyme. Any one particular enzyme has a specific code number based upon the new classification. 

To avoid confusion, the only acentric factor that we will use is that employed to find the boiling point by the Lee and Kesler method. 

The relations which permit us to express equilibria utilize the Gibbs free energy, to which we will give the symbol G and which will be called simply free energy for the rest of this chapter. This thermodynamic quantity is expressed as a function of enthalpy and entropy. This is not to be confused with the Helmholtz free energy which we will note sF (L" j (j, > )... 

The terms standards and specifications are constantly confused and interchanged in everyday use. The general opinion is that they are synonymous yet these two terms cover different concepts. Therefore, they — as well as the organizations that are responsible for their development — need to be defined. 

The standards for classifications and characteristics. They look completely like specifications but they are not enforced by law. Instead of speaking about standards for characteristics, it is more common to talk about standards for specifications. In spite of its very general usage, this expression is unfortunate because it continues to foster confusion between standards and specifications. 

The curve is symmetric from the middle of the slot. Hence the length of the defect is determined by the position of its edges at (x2+x3)/2 and -(x2+x3)/2 in the scanning direction of the probe. Of course this result is only true if we can distinguish the 5 zones on the curve. For other relative dimensions, for example a slot smaller than the probe (outer diameter), a curve like in set 1 is obtained, where the zones are confused. 

Technology has converged and seems likely to continue to do so, particularly with the parallel developments in the personal computer. The P.C. today has the power needed to analyse and interpret the often confusing responses obtained in eddy current tests, in real time as the tests are being made. The responses we get from a testpiece come, as we all know, equally from features we are not interested in as they do from significant features. 

Other SFA studies complicate the picture. Chan and Horn [107] and Horn and Israelachvili [108] could explain anomalous viscosities in thin layers if the first layer or two of molecules were immobile and the remaining intervening liquid were of normal viscosity. Other inteipretations are possible and the hydrodynamics not clear, since as Granick points out [109] the measurements average over a wide range of surface separations, thus confusing the definition of a layer thickness. McKenna and co-workers [110] point out that compliance effects can introduce serious corrections in constrained geometry systems. 

We confine ourselves here to scanning probe microscopies (see Section VIII-2B) scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), in which successive profiles of a surface (see Fig. VIII-1) are combined to provide a contour map of a surface. It is conventional to display a map in terms of dark to light areas, in order of increasing height above the surface ordinary contour maps would be confusing to the eye. 

The matter of surface mobility has come up at several points in the preceding material. The subject has been a source of confusion—see Ref. 112. Actually, two kinds of concepts seem to have been invoked. The first is that invoked in the discussion of physical adsorption, which has to do with whether the adsorbate can move on the surface so freely that its state is essentially that of a two-dimensional nonideal gas. For an adsorbate to be mobile in this sense, surface barriers must be small compared to kT. This type of mobile adsorbed layer seems unlikely to be involved in chemisorption. 

The axis labels (p,q,r) are chosen In order not to confuse this axis system with other systems, such as the molecule fixed axes (x,y,z) discussed below, used to describe molecular motion. 

A charge transfer contribution is often identified in perturbative descriptions of intennolecular forces. This, however, is not a new effect but a part of the short-range induction energy. It is possible to separate the charge transfer part from the rest of the induction energy [80]. It turns out to be relatively small and often negligible. Stone [28] has explained clearly how charge transfer has often been a source of confusion and error. 

Here h(x) is the Heaviside step function with h(x > 0) = 1 and h(x > 0) = 0 (not to be confused with Planck s constant). The limit a(J.. . ) indicates that the sunnnation is restricted to channel potentials witir a given set of good quantum numbers (J.. . ). 

Section BT1.2 provides a brief summary of experimental methods and instmmentation, including definitions of some of the standard measured spectroscopic quantities. Section BT1.3 reviews some of the theory of spectroscopic transitions, especially the relationships between transition moments calculated from wavefiinctions and integrated absorption intensities or radiative rate constants. Because units can be so confusing, numerical factors with their units are included in some of the equations to make them easier to use. Vibrational effects, die Franck-Condon principle and selection mles are also discussed briefly. In the final section, BT1.4. a few applications are mentioned to particular aspects of electronic spectroscopy. 

We will quote a numerical constant in some of these equations to help with actual calculations. The units can be very confusing because it is conventional to use non-SI units for several quantities. The wavenumber value, i>, is usually taken to be in cm The extinction coefficient is conveniently taken in units of 1 moH ... 

The lowest order contributions to the energy are described by the conical parameters g, h, and s, k = x,y,z, or by d, A = 1,2 and s, k = x,y,z-Here and below the superscript ij is suppressed when no confusion will result. We also will use the nonrelativistic convention g - x,fi" y and h J z, where is real is parallel to. These parameters [9] are reported in Figure 4a and b. Their continuity is attributable to the use of orthogonal intersection adapted coordinates. For comparison, Figure 4a and b reports the nonrelativistic quantities g , and s, respectively. While noting that there is no unique correspondence... 

Before we continue and in order to avoid confusion, two matters have to be clarified (1) We distinguished between two types of Landau-Zener situations, which form (in two dimensions) the Jahn-Teller conical intersection and the Renner-Teller parabolical intersection. The main difference between the two is... 

It was reahzed quite some decades ago that the amount of information accumulated by chemists can, in the long run, be made accessible to the scientific community only in electronic form in other words, it has to be stored in databases. This new field, which deals with the storage, the manipulation, and the processing of chemical information, was emerging without a proper name. In most cases, the scientists active in the field said they were working in "Chemical Information . However, as this term did not make a distinction between librarianship and the development of computer methods, some scientists said they were working in "Computer Chemistry to stress the importance they attributed to the use of the computer for processing chemical information. However, the latter term could easily be confused with Computational Chemistry, which is perceived by others to be more limited to theoretical quantum mechanical calculations. 

Besides the MDL Molfile formal, other file formats are often used in chemistry SMILES has already been mentioned in Section 2.3.3. Another one, the PDB file format, is primarily used for storing 3D structure information on biological macromolecules such as proteins and polynucleotides (Tutorial, Section 2.9.7) [52, 53). GIF (Crystallographic Information File) [54, 55] is also a 3D structure information file format with more than three incompatible file versions and is used in crystallography. GIF should not be confused with the Chiron Interchange Formal, which is also extended with. cif. In spectroscopy, JCAMP is apphed as a spectroscopic exchange file format [56]. Here, two modifications can be... 

Solvent-excluded surfaces correlate with the molecular or Connolly surfaces (there is some confusion in the literature). The definition simply proceeds from another point of view. In this c ase, one assumes to be inside a molecaile and examines how the molecule secs the surrounding solvent molecules. The surface where the probe sphere does not intersect the molecular volume is determined. Thus, the SES embodies the solvent-excluded volume, which is the sum of the van der Waals volume and the interstitial (re-entrant) volume (Figures 2-119. 2-120). 

The editor provides two modes for drawing the structure and the draw mode. This distinction is important for differentiating chemical information from conventional drawings. Both modes are switchable and provide an extensive set of features in the menu bar to create chemical structures and reactions, or just drawings. The number of options can be quite confusing for beginners however, one becomes accustomed to them after a short period of vocational adjustment. 

A restrain t (not to be confused with a Model Builder constraint) is a nser-specified one-atom tether, two-atom stretch, three-atom bend, or four-atom torsional interaction to add to the list ol molec-11 lar mechanics m teraction s computed for a molecule. These added iiueraciious are treated no differently IVoin any other stretch, bend, or torsion, except that they employ a quadratic functional form. They replace no in teraction, on ly add to the computed in teraction s. 

These must supplement the minimal set of experiments needed to determine the available parameters in the model-It should be emphasized here, and will be re-emphasized later, Chat it is important Co direct experiments of type (i) to determining Che available parameters of some specific model of Che porous medium. Much confusion has arisen in the past frcjci results reported simply as "effective diffusion coefficients", which cannot be extrapolated with any certainty to predict... 

There is a lot of confusion over the meaning of the terms theoretical chemistry, computational chemistry and molecular modelling. Indeed, many practitioners use all three labels to describe aspects of their research, as the occasion demands "Theoretical chemistry is often considered synonymous with quantum mechanics, whereas computational chemistry encompasses not only quantum mechanics but also molecular mechaiucs, minimisation, simulations, conformational analysis and other computer-based methods for understanding and predicting the behaviour of molecular systems. Molecular modellers use all of these methods and so we shall not concern ourselves with semantics but rather shall consider any theoretical or computational tecluiique that provides insight into the behaviour of molecular systems to be an example of molecular modelling. If a distinction has to be... 

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