Beetle, confused flour

Beetle, confused-flour Tribolium confiisem) Beetle, convergent lady Hippodamia 2.0 (1.5-2.4) 2.1 (1.4-3.5) 21.3... 

Although nine species of Tribolium are potential pests (Sokoloff, 1974), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (red flour beetle) and T. confusum (Jacquelin du Val) (confused flour beetle) (Tenebrionidae) are the most widespread and economically important species. Adult beetles are reddish-brown in color... 

An aerosol formulation of the insect growth regulator hydroprene (Gen-trol) was labeled several years ago for use in the United States. There are no research reports with hydroprene aerosol, except for Bell and Edwards (1998), which describe a study conducted in Great Britain. In this study, aerosol applications of hydroprene (Protrol) prevented the development of eggs of the red flour beetle, T. castaneum, the confused flour beetle, T. confusum, and the almond moth, C. cautella, that had been placed in exposed dishes with food media. 

The status of resistance of stored-product insects to any of the aerosols used in the United States is uncertain, and no new assessments of resistance have been conducted in recent years. Indianmeal moth, P. interpunctella, and almond moth, C. cautella, populations in peanut warehouses in the southeastern United States showed low levels of resistance to dichlorvos (Arthur et al., 1988), but reflected an increase relative to earlier studies (Zettler, 1982). In other studies, 24% of red flour beetle and 64% of confused flour beetle populations collected from flour mills were resistant to dichlorvos (Zettler, 1991). 

Currently there are few insecticides registered as surface treatments to control stored-product insects. For years the organophosphate insecticide malathion was used as a surface treatment for structural facilities, but stored-product insects throughout the world have developed extensive resistance to malathion (Subramanyam and Hagstrum, 1996). Most of the resistance reports were generated from studies with bulk grains, but in the United States, resistance has been documented for field populations of the red flour beetle, T. castaneum (Herbst), and the confused flour beetle, T. confusum (DuVal), collected from flour mills (Arthur and Zettler, 1991, 1992 Zettler, 1991). Populations of the Indianmeal moth, the almond moth, and the red flour beetle collected from bulk peanuts and empty warehouses were also highly resistant to malathion (Arthur et al., 1988 Halliday et al., 1988). 

Arthur, F.H. 2000. Toxicity of diatomaceous earth to red flour beetles and confused flour beetles Effects of temperature and relative humidity. J. Econ. Entomol. 93, 526-532. 

Dowdy, A.K. and Fields, P.G. 2002. Heat combined with diatomaceous earth to control the confused flour beetle (Coleoptera Tenebrionidae) in a flour mill. J. Stored Prod. Res. 38, 11-22. 

Pellitorine (4) has long been known for its toxicity when topically applied to adults of the beetle, Tenebrio molitor We found that 10 pg doses of topically applied pellitorine caused a paralytic action on adults of the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum (unpublished data). However, all of the affected beetles recovered within 24 hrs posttreatment. Similar topical applications of up to 20 pg/beetle of fagaramide (2.), piperlongumine ( ), and N-isobutyl-2E,4E-octadienamide ( ) proved ineffective. 

Essential oils from laurel were evaluated for fumigant toxicity against all developmental stages of the confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum). GC-MS analysis showed that 1,8-cineole was the major component of the essential oils. The vapours of laurel essential oil were toxic to all the stages of T. confusum (Isikber et al., 2006). Repellency and toxicity of essential oil from L. nobilis (Lauraceae) against the rust-red flour beetle T. castaneum Herbst) were also reported by Andronikashvili and Reichmuth (2003). The toxicity of ethanol extracts from L. nobilis on the large diamondback moth, Plutella xylos-tella, was 55% (Erturk et al., 2004). 

Tribolium confusum Jacqueline du Val Trogoderma granarium Everts confused flour beetle khapra beetle adult larva, adult FI, GR, T T9, 60... 

Coleoptera. The confused flour beetle, Tribollum confusum, was the first phytophagous insect we found that produces an appreciable amount of a sterol other than cholesterol from radiolabeled dietary C28 and C29 phytosterols. We found this insect produced large quantities of 7-dehydrocholesterol, equivalent to as much as 70% of the total tissue sterols isolated (12). It was further determined that cholesterol and 7-dehydrocTfolesterol were in equilibrium in this flour beetle. Another new intermediate, 5,7,24-cholestatrien-3B-ol was identified as an intermediate between desmosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol (Figure 3). We found very similar pathways of sterol metabolism to exist in the closely related flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (13). However, another flour beetle, Tenebrio moHtor, nad only about one-third or less of the levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol as the two Tribolium species, but still much higher levels of this sterol than has been found in most species. Fucosterol 24,28-epoxide was also implicated as an intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol from sitosterol in T. mol i tor (14). 

The khapra beetle, T. granarlum, inhabits an environment more similar to that of the confused flour beetle than to the usual environment of other members of the family Dermestidae to which the khapra beetle belongs. However, with respect to utilization of dietary sterols, the khapra beetle Is more similar to other dermestids such as the hide beetle, Dermestes maculatus, (31) which usually feeds on animals or animal products rather than plant derived material. Apparently, the khapra beetle has not had to alter Its sterol metabolism to adapt to living In Its stored product environment. It will be of Interest to examine the ecdysterolds of the khapra beetle to see If the synthesis of molting hormones In this species has been modified to utilize other than a C27 sterol as an ecdysterold precursor. 

A number of hydrocarbon pheromones are known, chiefly in the Diptera, but also among Lepidoptera (see later). Sometimes hydrocarbons are part of the defensive secretion, as in the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confu-sum, which uses terminal alkenes e.g., 1-pentadecene, 1-hexadecene and 1-heptadecene, formed as described above. They are frequently found accompanying terpenes or oxygenated compounds in the secretions of many social insects, and Q to C,5 alkanes frequently accompany formic add in defensive secretions, where they are thought to act as spreading agents. 

In addition, the developed reactions are suitable for the design of linear E-isoprenoids with a specified number of C5 moieties (Scheme 24) and can also be used in the synthesis of biologically active compounds, for example, in pheromones of the conifer sawfly, German cockroach, and the confused and red flour beetles [133-136]. 

Confused beetle Triholium confusum Red flour weevil Triholium castanum... 

Some insects, such as the confused and red flour beetles that usually feed on flours and processed products, secrete odoriferous and irritant compounds, such as ethyl, methyl toluquinone. These substances also produce a pinkish off-coloration on white... 

Why is it important to recognize the specific type of insect that is infesting stored grains How can you differentiate a red flour beetle from a confused beetle ... 

---