Confusion tables

Owing to the lack of standardization, it is usual to find in the literature different terms related to life cycle approaches and/or environmental accounting. Sometimes different terms are used as synonymous, while other times the same term is used for different approaches, causing some confusion. Table 5.5 summarizes an attempt to define commonly used terms. 

As highlighted above a wide variety of technologies are available for the recovery of organic solvents. The choice of process can be confusing. Table 7.7 is provided as guidance on the appropriate techniques suitable for solvent recovery from gases, liquids and solids. Disposal methods are also listed for completeness. Detailed descriptions of each technology are provided in the text below. 

The number of quantities, terms, and relationships employed in chromatography is large and often confusing. Tables 26-4 and 26-5 summarize the most important definitions and equations that will be used in the next three chapters. 

The following tables contain information on 6000 aminothiazoles. Letters placed after each reference indicate whether any applications or spectroscopic data are given in the reference (meaning of the letters is given in Part One, pp. 2 and 3. Some confusion may occur when the letter 1 (living material) is placed after the reference because of the typographic similarity of one and ell. Be cautious and don t mix up for example 1131 and 113 1. 

The detection limits in the table correspond generally to the concentration of an element required to give a net signal equal to three times the standard deviation of the noise (background) in accordance with lUPAC recommendations. Detection limits can be confusing when steady-state techniques such as flame atomic emission or absorption, and plasma atomic emission or fluorescence, which... 

Measurements usually consist of a unit and a number expressing the quantity of that unit. Unfortunately, many different units may be used to express the same physical measurement. For example, the mass of a sample weighing 1.5 g also may be expressed as 0.0033 lb or 0.053 oz. For consistency, and to avoid confusion, scientists use a common set of fundamental units, several of which are listed in Table 2.1. These units are called SI units after the Systeme International d Unites. Other measurements are defined using these fundamental SI units. For example, we measure the quantity of heat produced during a chemical reaction in joules, (J), where... 

These distinctions are summarized in Table 3.1 for handy reference. The nomenclature and notation are somewhat confusing, and the situation gets even worse when other sources are consulted. Not all authors use the same notation, so Table 3.1 is useful as a concordance. 

Hemicellulose [9034-32-6] is the least utilized component of the biomass triad comprising cellulose (qv), lignin (qv), and hemiceUulose. The term was origiaated by Schulze (1) and is used here to distinguish the nonceUulosic polysaccharides of plant cell walls from those that are not part of the wall stmcture. Confusion arises because other hemicellulose definitions based on solvent extraction are often used in the Hterature (2—4). The term polyose is used in Europe to describe these nonceUulosic polysaccharides from wood, whereas hemicellulose is used to describe the alkaline extracts from commercial pulps (4). The quantity of hemicellulose in different sources varies considerably as shown in Table 1. 

Nutritional Labeling Descriptors. In order to avoid confusion, descriptive terms must be accompanied by definitions which adequately explain the terms. In the case of nutrition-related claims, analytical sampling offers a means of assuring the accuracy of the stated claims. The USDA s FSIS has proposed a Hst of descriptors relevant for meat and poultry products (Table 3). 

The general formula for boric acid esters is B(OR)2. The lower molecular weight esters such as methyl, ethyl, and phenyl are most commonly referred to as methyl borate [121 -43-7] ethyl borate [130-46-9J, and phenyl borate [1095-03-0] respectively. Some of the most common boric acid esters used in industrial appHcations are Hsted in Table 1. The nomenclature in the boric acid ester series can be confusing. The lUPAC committee on boron chemistry has suggested using trialkoxy- and triaryloxyboranes (5) for compounds usually referred to as boric acid esters, trialkyl (or aryl) borates, trialkyl (or aryl) orthoborates, alkyl (or aryl) borates, alkyl (or aryl) orthoborates, and in the older Hterature as boron alkoxides and aryloxides. CycHc boric acid esters, which are trimeric derivatives of metaboric acid (HBO2), are known as boroxines (1). 

The He(Ia) photoelectron spectra of the parent heterocycles have been the subject of much study. Initially the assignment of the ionization energies to appropriate occupied molecular orbitals was confused by the unexpected reversal in the sequence of the two highest occupied MOs in tellurophene relative to the other heterocycles. The reported values are compared in Table 24. The assignments are based upon comparisons with the spectra... 

For smooth pipe, the friction factor is a function only of the Reynolds number. In rough pipe, the relative roughness /D also affects the friction factor. Figure 6-9 plots/as a function of Re and /D. Values of for various materials are given in Table 6-1. The Fanning friction factor should not be confused with the Darcy friction fac tor used by Moody Trans. ASME, 66, 671 [1944]), which is four times greater. Using the momentum equation, the stress at the wall of the pipe may be expressed in terms of the friction factor ... 

The quotient is called the electrochemical mobility and is tabulated along with ion mobilities. It is important to pay attention to the units because of possible confusion. Values of /, are given in Table 2-2. Raising the temperature usually increases ion mobility, while increasing the concentration reduces the conductivity due to interactions ... 

The specification of wires can be confusing. All wires diameters are based upon the American Wire Gauge (AWG) table, published in the early 20th century. The metric countries directly converted these dimension (inches) to millimeters and created what is now the lEC R20 wire table. This is shown below in both measurement systems in Table F-t. 

The confusion matrix (NSAC-60) is a method that identifies potential operator errors lemming from incorrect diagnosis of an event. It can be used to identify the potential for an operator to conclude that a small LOCA has occurred, when it is actually a steam line break. This provides a method for identifying a wrong operator response to an off-normal plant condition. It is particularly useful in Step 5 of the. SHARP procedures, Documentation requirements are presented in Table 4.5-2. 

The paniculatine mentioned in the foregoing table must not be confused with that found in Acomtum paniculatum (p. 674). 

The FMECA table should be concise, complete, and well organized. This table should identify equipment and relate it to a system drawing or location. This is to prevent confusion when similar equipment is used in different locations. One of tlie limitations of FMECA is tliat the table must include ALL failure modes for each piece of equipment and effects of each failure along witli tlie associated criticality ranking. Table 17.5.3 shows a sample chart tliat can be completed for tlie FMECA table. 

There has been much confusion over the structure of these compounds but their diamagnetism has long ruled out a monomeric formulation, H2PO3. In fact, as shown in Table 12.7, isomeric forms are known (a) hypophosphoric acid and hypophosphates in which both P atoms are identical and there is a direct P-P bond (h) isohypophosphoric acid and isohypophos-phates in which 1 P has a direct P-H bond... 

The separate question of names and symbols for the new elements has, unfortunately, taken even longer to resolve, but definitive recommendations were ratified by lUPAC in August 1997 and have been generally accepted. It is clearly both unsatisfactory and confusing to have more than one name in current use for a given element and to have the same name being applied to two different elements. For this reason the present treatment refers to the individual elements by means of their atomic numbers. However, to help readers with the nomenclature used in the references cited, a list of the various names that are in use or that have been suggested from time to time is summarised in Table 31.7. 

For design purposes it is necessary to use absolute pressures. In plant operation pressures are often used as vacuum. It is important to eliminate confusion before making a proper performance analysis. See Tables 6-4 and 6-5. 

Using Table 52 the variables are El(FL ), L(L), d(L), (d - d,)(L), T(FL), and P(F). Note that this I is moment-area which is in the units of ft (not to be confused with I given in Table 52 which is moment of inertia, see Chapter 2, Strength of Materials, for clarification). The number of FI ratios that will describe the problem is equal to the number of variables (6) minus the number of fundamental dimensions (F and L, or 2). Thus, there will be four FI ratios (i.e., 6-2 = 4), FI, flj, fl, and FI. The selection of the combination of variables to be included in each n ratio must be carefully done in order not to create a complicated system of ratios. This is done by recognizing which variables will have the fundamental dimensions needed to cancel with the fundamental dimensions in the other included variables to have a truly dimensionless ratio. With this in mind, FI, is... 

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