Display device

This is certainly the most advanced potential application of FLCPs. Taking advantage of the processability of FLC polymers, Idemitsu Kosan Co. has fabricated a large-area, static-driven display (12x100 cm) and a dynamically driven simple matrix display (13x37 cm) [7, 19]. The performance of these two demonstrators is summarized in Table 8. The electrooptic material used was plasticized polyoxyethylene XVIII (Fig. 26). 

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The indicator element measures the signal from the weighing element, and converts it into a readable form. It may be any of several different types, eg, the graduated beam of Figure 3, a Bourdon tube pressure gauge, or a numeric display device. Today (ca 1997), with the increase in automation, the indicator element may not display the weight but may instead transmit it electronically to a controller. 

Aluminosilicate glasses are used commercially because they can be chemically strengthened and withstand high temperatures. Thus apphcations include airplane windows, frangible containers, lamp envelopes, and flat panel display devices. 

Electronic and Electrical Applications. Sulfolane has been tested quite extensively as the solvent in batteries (qv), particularly for lithium batteries. This is because of its high dielectric constant, low volatUity, exceUent solubilizing characteristics, and aprotic nature. These batteries usuaUy consist of anode, cathode polymeric material, aprotic solvent (sulfolane), and ionizable salt (145—156). Sulfolane has also been patented for use in a wide variety of other electronic and electrical appHcations, eg, as a coil-insulating component, solvent in electronic display devices, as capacitor impregnants, and as a solvent in electroplating baths (157—161). 

Wlieii thiomethoxymethyl hexachloroaiitimoiiate was treated with pyridine, a methylthio derivative 28 was isolated in low yield in addition to the expected chlorinated sulfides (71T4209). Several A, A -haloalkyl-bis-4,4 -pyridiniumethenes 29 have been reported in a Japanese patent (80JAP75479). Tliese compounds are promising candidates for the construction of electrochromic display devices (Scheme 7). 

S. Malsumolo, in Electronic Display Devices (Ed. S. Maisumoio), John Wiley Sons, New York 1990, Chapin 1. 

There are various ways in which CMEs can benefit analytical applications. These include acceleration of electron-transfer reactions, preferential accumulation, or selective membrane permeation. Such steps can impart higher selectivity, sensitivity, or stability to electrochemical devices. These analytical applications and improvements have been extensively reviewed (35-37). Many other important applications, including electrochromic display devices, controlled release of drugs, electrosynthesis, and corrosion protection, should also benefit from the rational design of electrode surfaces. 

Many technological applications of liquid crystals, as in electro-optic display devices, are based on multicomponent mixtures. Such systems offer a route to the desired material properties which cannot be achieved simultaneously for single component systems. Mixtures also tend to exhibit a richer phase behaviour than pure systems with features such as re-entrant nematic phases [3] and nematic-nematic transitions possible. In this section, we describe simulations which have been used to study mixtures of thermotropic calamitic mesogens. 

The liquid crystalline state may be identified as a distinct and unique state of matter which is characterised by properties which resemble those of both solids and liquids. It was first recognised in the middle of the last century through the study of nerve myelin and derivatives of cholesterol. The research in the area really gathered momentum, however, when as a result of the pioneering work of Gray in the early 1970 s organic compounds exhibiting liquid crystalline properties were shown to be suitable to form the basis of display devices in the electronic products. 

The wetting and spreading properties of liquid crystals (LC) on solid substrates are of interest due to their use in display devices. In addition, these interesting liquids provide a good testing ground for fundamental theories of wetting. Films of 8CB (4 -n-octyl-4-... 

Zinc sulfide, with its wide band gap of 3.66 eV, has been considered as an excellent electroluminescent (EL) material. The electroluminescence of ZnS has been used as a probe for unraveling the energetics at the ZnS/electrolyte interface and for possible application to display devices. Fan and Bard [127] examined the effect of temperature on EL of Al-doped self-activated ZnS single crystals in a persulfate-butyronitrile solution, as well as the time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) of the compound. Further [128], they investigated the PL and EL from single-crystal Mn-doped ZnS (ZnS Mn) centered at 580 nm. The PL was quenched by surface modification with U-treated poly(vinylferrocene). The effect of pH and temperature on the EL of ZnS Mn in aqueous and butyronitrile solutions upon reduction of per-oxydisulfate ion was also studied. EL of polycrystalline chemical vapor deposited (CVD) ZnS doped with Al, Cu-Al, and Mn was also observed with peaks at 430, 475, and 565 nm, respectively. High EL efficiency, comparable to that of singlecrystal ZnS, was found for the doped CVD polycrystalline ZnS. In all cases, the EL efficiency was about 0.2-0.3%. 

Despite such limitations, plasma-deposited a-C(N) H films were found to be used in a number of applications. The stress reduction induced by nitrogen incorporation [12] and consequent adhesion improvement, allowed the development of a-C(N) H antireflective coatings for Ge-based infrared detectors [13]. It was also found that N can electronically dope a-C H films, and can strongly decrease the defect density, which gives prospects on its use as a semiconductor material [14]. Nitrogen incorporation was also found to decrease the threshold electric field in electron-field emission process [15], making possible the use of a-C(N) H films as an overcoat on emission tips in flat-panel display devices [16]. 

Liquid compositions for display devices. IBM US Patent Database, Patent 4419283. 

The chapters cover the following areas (i) use of coordination complexes in all types of catalysis (Chapters 1-11) (ii) applications related to the optical properties of coordination complexes, which covers fields as diverse as solar cells, nonlinear optics, display devices, pigments and dyes, and optical data storage (Chapters 12-16) (iii) hydrometallurgical extraction (Chapter 17) (iv) medicinal and biomedical applications of coordination complexes, including both imaging and therapy (Chapters 18-22) and (v) use of coordination complexes as precursors to semiconductor films and nanoparticles (Chapter 23). As such, the material in this volume ranges from solid-state physics to biochemistry. 

Kobayashi T., Yoneyama H., Tamura H. Polyaniline film-coated electrodes as electrochromic display devices J.Electroanal.Chem., 1984 161 429-23... 

Methodology appropriate for the measuring of DTA profiles has been extensively reviewed [12,13]. A schematic diagram illustrating the essential aspects of the DTA technique is shown in Fig. 3. Both the sample and reference materials are contained within the same furnace, whose temperature program is externally controlled. The outputs of the sensing thermocouples are amplified, electronically subtracted, and finally shown on a suitable display device. 

As in the case of [3]radialenes, the individual redox stages of [4]radialenes may have different colors. Based on these electrochromic properties, the application of 77 as a component in liquid crystal display devices was patented85. 

Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD). Liquid crystal displays, once limited to small devices such as calculators, are now displacing color CRT (cathode ray tube) displays in commercial quantities. The ability to fabricate these display devices at high quality and at low cost is partially due to the wider spread use of photopolymer-based materials. Photopolymer technology is being used for the alignment of liquid crystal (LC) elements (49), the orientation of ferroelectric materials (50), the synthesis of LC polymers (57) and the manufacture of color filters for liquid crystal display applications (52). 

Trend 2 The availability of more sophisticated technology leads to the use of more and more control, monitoring and display devices in washing machines. 

In these polymeric species, the M,AT2-1,2,4-triazole linkage is rigid, and allows an efficient transmission of cooperative effects. Consequently, abrupt ST with broad thermal hysteresis loops have been observed [26, 32-34]. The absorption spectra of these compounds show a broad band at 520 nm corresponding to the Aig Trg d-d transition in the LS state whereas no band is found in the visible region in the HS state, the 5T2g-5Eg transition being located around 850 nm [7a]. The ST is thus accompanied by a thermochromic effect, purple (LS) and white (HS). These characteristics make these compounds potential candidates for practical applications, e.g. thermal display devices [7, 8, 17]. Such behaviour has been observed, for example, in the compound [Fe(4-amino-l,2,4-triazole)3](NC>3)2 [32] whose SCO is associated with a hysteresis loop of width 35 K, centred above room temperature [8]. 

Growth and characterization of electroluminescent display devices using vacuum-deposited organic materials... 

U.S. 6,464,898 Fluorescence conversion medium and display device comprising it... 

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